Qualitative Research Designs: Presented By: Shweta. D. Surwase First Year M.SC Nursing, Mimh Pune

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
PRESENTED BY:
SHWETA. D. SURWASE
FIRST YEAR M.SC NURSING ,MIMH PUNE
INTRODUCTION
• Qualitative research aims to explore, discover, understand or describe phenomena
that have already been identified but are not well understood.
• Use words rather than numbers to describe findings
• Assume a dynamic reality
• Emphasize seeing the world from the perspective of the participants
• Goal is understanding rather than prediction
• Emphasize the subjective dimensions of human experiences
• Holistic rather than reductionistic
• Associated with the interpretive approach which is discovery oriented, explanatory,
descriptive, and inductive in nature
DEFINITION
• “Qualitative research is a loosely defined category of research

designs or models, all of which elicit verbal, visual, tactile,
olfactory, and gustatory data in the form of descriptive narratives
like field notes, recordings, or other transcriptions from audio- and
videotapes and other written records and pictures or films.”
CHARACTERISTICS
• Emerge as study advances.

• Flexible and elastic.
• Multiple strategies of data collection.
• Intense researcher’s involvement.
• Ongoing data analysis.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Phenomenological research .
2. Ethnographic research
3. Grounded theory
4. Historical research
5. Case study
6. Action research
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
• Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture

through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it
involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis
of data for development of theories of cultural behaviour.
• It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations,
their ethno genesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare
characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture.
TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
1. Macro-Ethnography:- Ethnography researcher can study

broadly defined culture in what is sometimes referred to
as a macroethnography. E.g.- The British, The English etc.
2. Micro-ethnography:- Alternatively it may focus on more
narrowly defined ones referred to as micro- ethnography.
E.g.- the culture of hostel for the homeless, nursing practice
in intensive care units.
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews,
questionnaires, etc.
PURPOSE
The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to understand what is happening
naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications
could be formed from the data.
E.g. An ethnographic study on sociocultural beliefs of the people about antenatal, natal
& postnatal care of women in selected tribal communities of Rajasthan.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• Phenomenological research an inductive, descriptive research

approach developed from phenomenological philosophy; its
aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the
person
• Phenomenology is concerned with the study of experience
from the perspective of the individual, ‘bracketing’ taken-for-
granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• They are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge and

subjectivity, and emphasise the importance of personal
perspective and interpretation.
• As such they are powerful for understanding subjective
experience, gaining insights into people’s motivations and
actions, and cutting through the clutter of taken-for-granted
assumptions and conventional wisdom.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Hussel’s
view.
APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHICAL FEATURES OF

CONTEXT. EXPERIENCE
INTUTIVE
EXPERIENCE OF
PHENOMENON
AMONG PEOPLE.
EXPERIENCE OF
WHAT IS
EXPERIENCED.
ROLE OF RESEARCHER.
• Is the instrument for data collection

• Establishes good rapport with participants
• Explicates beliefs through bracketing
• The meaning of the lived experience is interpreted
from the participants’ stories
GROUNDED THEORY
• Grounded theory research is a research approach designed to discover what

problems exist in a given social environment and how the persons involved
handle them; it involves formulation, testing, and reformulation of
propositions until a theory is developed.
• Grounded theory is an inductive theory discovery methodology that allows
the researcher to develop a theoretical account of the general features of a
topic while simultaneously grounding the account in the empirical
observation or data.
• - Martin And Junner(1986)
DATA COLLECTION
PHASES OF GROUNDED THEORY.
NOTE TAKING
CODING
MEMOING
SORTING
WRITING
GROUNDED THEORY
• Four stages:
• 1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered
• 2. Concepts-Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be
grouped
• 3. Categories-Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory
• 4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research
(hypotheses)
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Historical research is research involving analysis of events that

occurred in the remote or recent past Application
• Historical research can show patterns that occurred in the past
and over time which can help us to see where we came from and
what kinds of solutions we have used in the past
. • Understanding this can add perspective on how we examine
current events and educational practices.
HAISTORICAL RESEARCH
The steps involved in the conduct of historical research Here are the five steps:
1. Identification of the research topic and formulation of the research problem
or question.
2. Data collection or literature review
3. Evaluation of materials
4. Data synthesis
5. Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Historical research gives a social scientist a better context for making realistic
decisions.
STRENGTHS
• Provides a comprehensive picture of historical trends
• Uses existing information Provides evidence of on-going trends and problems
LIMITATIONS
• Time-consuming
• Resources may be hard to locate Resources may be conflicting
• May not identify cause of a problem
• Information may be incomplete, obsolete, inconclusive, or inaccurate
• Data restricted to what already exists
CASE STUDY
A case study is an exploration of a “bounded system” or a case (or
multiple cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection
involving multiple sources of information rich in context.
Data collection strategies include direct observation, interviews,
documents, archival records, participant observation, physical artifacts
and audiovisual materials.
Analysis of themes, or issues and an interpretation of the case by the
researcher.
ACTION RESEARCH
• Action research “ is a way of doing research and working on solving

a problem at the same time” - Cormack 1991.
• The method was developed to allow researcher and participants
work together to analyze social system with a view to changing them.
In other words, to achieve specific goals.
• Example: An action research on the practicability if western nursing
practice protocols in public and private health care organizations

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

• “Qualitative research is a loosely defined category of research

• Emerge as study advances.

• Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture

1. Macro-Ethnography:- Ethnography researcher can study

• Phenomenological research an inductive, descriptive research

• They are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge and

APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHICAL FEATURES OF

• Is the instrument for data collection

• Grounded theory research is a research approach designed to discover what

• Historical research is research involving analysis of events that

• Action research “ is a way of doing research and working on solving

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