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EMM213 Strength of Materials: Torsion

1) The document discusses torsion and power transmission in circular shafts. It covers torsional deformation, shear stress distribution, angle of twist, gears, and maximum power transmission. 2) The shear strain and stress in a circular shaft vary linearly from zero at the center to a maximum at the outer surface. The angle of twist also varies linearly along the shaft length. 3) Gears are used to transmit torque between shafts, and change speed and rotation direction. The gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth.

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Norwahida Yusoff
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182 views25 pages

EMM213 Strength of Materials: Torsion

1) The document discusses torsion and power transmission in circular shafts. It covers torsional deformation, shear stress distribution, angle of twist, gears, and maximum power transmission. 2) The shear strain and stress in a circular shaft vary linearly from zero at the center to a maximum at the outer surface. The angle of twist also varies linearly along the shaft length. 3) Gears are used to transmit torque between shafts, and change speed and rotation direction. The gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth.

Uploaded by

Norwahida Yusoff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMM213

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

TORSION
DR. NORWAHIDA YUSOFF
menorwahida@usm.my
Chapter Objectives

1. To discuss the torsional deformation of a circular shaft – shear strain


2. To determine shear stress distribution within the member under torsional load
3. To determine the angle of twist when material behaves in a linear-elastic
4. To understand gears in torsion assemblies
5. To determine the maximum power that can be transmitted by a shaft
Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft
(Objective 1)
■ Torque is a moment that twists a member about its longitudinal axis.
■ In the design of machinery (and some structures), the problem of
transmitting a torque from one plane to a parallel plane is frequently
encountered
■ The simplest device for accomplishing this function is called a shaft –
connecting gears and pulleys are a common application involving torsion
members
Objective 1 (Cont)
■ If the angle of rotation is small, the length of the shaft and its radius remain unchanged.
– Twisting causes circles to remain circles (cross-section)
– Cross-sections of the end of the shaft remain flat (do not warp or bulge in or out)
Objective 1 (cont)
■  Angle of twist, varies linearly along the length of the shaft (0 at x=0, and
■
is max at x=L)
Objective 1 (cont)
■ By definition, shear strain at A is

■ Since,

Note that the shear strain


increases linearly with ρ, and is
max at the outer surface
The Torsion Formula (Objective 2)
■  When material is linear-elastic, Hooke’s Law applies;
■ Therefore, shear stress, , follows same profile as shear strain, .

Shear stress distribution as a


function radial distribution of
the radial position ρ
Objective 2 (cont)
■ The torque produced by force over the entire cross section must be equal to the resultant
internal torque:
This is represented by J = the
polar moment of inertia of
the shaft’s cross-sectional area

So,
Polar moment of inertia, J
■ If the shaft has a solid circular cross section,

■ If a shaft has a tubular cross section,


Take-home notes
■ Angle
  of twist, , varies from zero at the fixed support to max at the end length of a
circular shaft.
■ Shear strain, , and shear stress, , varies from zero at the axis of the shaft to max at the
outer boundary.
Example 1
The shaft is supported by two bearings and is subjected to three torques. Determine the
shear stress developed at points A and B, located at section a–a of the shaft.
Solution:
Example 2
The 150-mm-diameter shaft is supported by a smooth journal bearing at E and a smooth thrust bearing at F.
Determine the maximum shear stress developed in each segment of the shaft
Angle of Twist (Objective 3)
 Recall,

Since and ,

Φ = angle of twist
T(x) = internal torque
J(x) = shaft’s polar moment of inertia
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the
material
Objective 3 (cont)
■  Assume material is homogeneous, so G is constant.
■ Also, cross-sectional area and applied torque are constant (J and T are constant)
■ Therefore,

■ If more than one segment, then,


Objective 3 (cont) Example:

• Sign convention for both torque, angle of twist, and angle of rotation is
determined by right hand rule;
• Positive (+ve) if thumb directs outward from the shaft when
fingers curl to give the tendency for rotation.
• Angle of twist – pertaining to the torsional deformation in shafts of shaft
segment
• Angle of rotation – referring to the angular displacement at specific point
in a torsion system such as pulleys, gears, couplings and flanges.
Example 3
A hollow circular steel shaft with an outside diameter of 40 mm and
a wall thickness of 3.5 mm is subjected to a pure torque of 210 N.m.
The shaft is 2.4 m long. The shear modulus of the steel is G = 80
GPa. Determine:

(a) The maximum shear stress in the shaft


(b) The magnitude of the angle of twist in the shaft 210 N.m

Polar moment of inertia:

2.4m
= 134 900 mm2

(a) The maximum shear stress: b) Angle of twist:

= 31.1 MPa = 0.0467 rad


Example 4

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Gears (Objective 4)
■ Gears are used to
– Transmit torque from one shaft to another
– Reduce or increase torque
– Reduce or increase rate of rotation
– Change rotation direction
– Change rotation motion

Basic gear assembly


Gears
■ Gears must satisfy equilibrium

Gear ratio
Gears
■ Circumference of gears A and B:

Radius:

Pitch and N:

■ Tooth pitch must be the same for both gears:

∴
 

■ Rotation angle and speed


Example 5
Example 5 (cont.)
Power Transmission (Objective 5)
■  Shafts often used to transmit power developed by a machine
■ Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
■ If during an instantaneous time, dt, an applied torque T causes the shaft to rotate dteta,
then the power is:
 , where shaft angular velocity,

■ Since 1 cycle = 2π rad, and f is the frequency of a shaft’s rotation  ;

Torque (N.m)
Power (watts)
𝑃=2 𝜋 𝑓𝑇
 
1 watts = 1 N.m/s
Angular velocity (rad/s or Hz)

■ For shaft design, the design or geometric parameter is;


Example 6
Example 7

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