Teaching

Reading
Alifiana Fahmida (2201419019)
Farizka Aulia Dianti (2201419090)
 Teaching Reading

01. What is
2. Background
Reading?

3. Principles 4. Technique and

Task
 01
WHAT IS
READING
?
Reading is a fluent process of
readers combining
information from a text and
their own background
knowledge to build meaning.
The goal of reading is
comprehension.
 OUR MISSION AND VISION

Fluent reading is
Strategic reading is defined as defined as the ability
the ability o f the reader to use to read at an
a wide variety o f reading appropriate rate with
strategies to accomplish a adequate
purpose for reading comprehension.
Strategic
Fluent Reading
Reading
 The readers' background knowledge
integrates with the text to create the
meaning. The text, reader, fluency, and
strategies combined together define
the act of reading.
 02
Background to the
Teaching of
Reading
 Silent Reading
Reading is primarily a silent activity. The majority of reading that we do will be done silently. In about
1880 a debate began on the advantages of silent reading versus oral reading (Allington, 1984). Huey (1908)
compiled a summary of the early studies on oral versus silent reading and came out strongly in favor o f silent
reading. However, today many teachers still believe that oral reading is the best approach for teaching.

Reading Process
Understanding the process of reading has been the focus of much research over the past 125
years. Models of how the printed word is understood have emerged from this research
(Goodman, 1976; Stanovich, 1980).
The models can be divided into three categories:
 Bottom-up
 Phonetic Approach
 Top-down
 Bottom-up
Consist of lower-level reading processes. Students start with the fundamental basics o f letter and sound
recognition, which in turn allows for morpheme recognition followed by word recognition, building up to the
identification of grammatical structures, sentences, and longer texts. Letters, letter clusters, words, phrases,
sentences, longer text, and finally meaning is the order in achieving comprehension. The pedagogy
recommends a graded reader approach. All reading material is carefully reviewed so that students are not
exposed to vocabulary that is too difficult or that contains sounds that they have not yet been introduced to.

Within a bottom-up approach to reading, the most typical

classroom focus is on what we call intensive reading. Intensive
reading involves a short reading passage followed by textbook
activities to develop comprehension and/or a particular reading
skill. Most textbooks used to teach first and second language
reading using an intensive reading approach.
 Phonetic Approach
Many teachers and researchers suggest that for readers to be successful
they must be able to break a word down into its smallest parts, the
individual sounds. When a reader comes to an unknown word he or she can
sound out the word because of the knowledge of the individual units that
make up the word. The blending together of the various sounds allows the
reader to then move toward comprehension. Teachers must remember that
phonics is a method, not the goal for teaching reading.
 Top Down
The reader uses background knowledge, makes predictions, and searches the text to confirm or reject the
predictions that are made. A passage can thus be understood even if all of the individual words are not
understood. Within a top-down approach to reading the teacher should focus on meaning generating
activities rather than on mastery of word recognition.

Reading begins with

reader background knowledge
The reader begins with the largest elements and works down towards
smaller elements to build comprehension o f what is being read. Extensive reading,
reading many books (or longer segments of text) without a focus on classroom exercises
that may test comprehension skills, plays a key role in top-down approaches to reading.
Extensive reading can be contrasted with intensive reading.
 Four key features highlight a meaning-
based or whole language approach to
teaching reading

Literature-based Whole language Reading

is student- integrated with Emphasis on
approach centered writing constructing meaning
Books are used which contain The focus is on the Classes work on both The focus should be on
authentic language. Readers are individual reader skills simultaneously meaning and keeping the
exposed to a write range of choosing what he or she language whole, as opposed to
vocabulary. wants to read. breaking it down into smaller
units. Whole language is a
method, not the goal.
 Interactive models of reading
The models that are accepted as the most comprehensive description of the reading process that combines
elements of both bottom-up and top-down models assuming “that a pattern is synthesized based on
information provided simultaneously from several knowledge sources” (Stanovich, 1980, p. 35). Murtagh
(1989) stresses that the best second language readers are those who can “efficiently integrate” both bottom-
up and top-down processes (p. 102).

An interactive approach to reading would include aspects of

both intensive and extensive reading. We need to provide learners with
shorter passages to teach specific reading skills and strategies explicitly.
We also need to encourage learners to read longer texts without an
emphasis on testing their skills. Extensive reading provides
opportunities to practice strategies introduced during intensive
reading instruction.
 03
Principles for
Teaching Teading
1. Exploit the reader’s background knowledge
Background knowledge includes all of the experiences that a reader brings to a text: life experiences,
educational experiences, knowledge of how texts can be organized rhetorically, knowledge of how one’s first
language works, knowledge of how the second language works, and cultural background and knowledge.

Reading comprehension can be significantly enhanced if background knowledge can be activated by setting
goals, asking questions, making predictions, teaching text structure, and so on. If students are reading on an
unfamiliar topic, you may need to begin the reading process by building up background knowledge. Incorrect
background knowledge can hinder comprehension.
 2. Build a strong vocabulary base.
Vocabulary instruction can be enhanced by asking these three
questions from Nation (1990, p. 4):

What vocabulary How will they How can I best test to

do my learners learn this see what they need to
need to know? vocabulary? know and what they
now know?
 3. Teach for comprehension
Monitoring comprehension is essential to successful reading. Part of that monitoring process includes verifying
that the predictions being made are correct and checking that the reader is making the necessary adjustments
when meaning is not obtained.

In order to teach for comprehension, readers must monitor their comprehension processes and be able to
discuss with the teacher and/or fellow readers what strategies they use to comprehend.
Beck, McKeown, Hamilton, and Kucan (1997) in their book, Questioning the author, emphasize that this activity
is to be done during the reading process, not after reading material. This approach engages the teacher and
readers in queries about the text as the material is being read.
 4. Work on increasing reading rate
One great difficulty in the second language reading classroom is that even when language learners can read,
much o f their reading is not fluency. The teacher must work towards finding a balance between assisting
students to improve their reading rate and developing reading comprehension skills. It is very important to
understand that the focus is not to develop speed readers, but fluent readers. I define a fluent reader as one
who reads at a rate of 200 words-per-minute with at least 70 percent comprehension. One focus here is to
teach readers to reduce their dependence on a dictionary. Skills such as scanning, skimming, predicting, and
identifying main ideas get students to approach reading in different ways.

5. Teach reading strategies

Strategies are “the tools for active, self-directed involvement that is necessary for developing communicative
ability. Strategies are not a single event, but rather a creative sequence of events that learners actively use”
(Oxford, 1996). To achieve the desired results, students need to learn how to use a range o f reading strategies
that match their purposes for reading. Teaching them how to do this should be a prime consideration in the
reading classroom (Anderson, 1991; Chamot and O ’Malley, 1994). Strategic reading means not only knowing
what strategy to use, but knowing how to use and integrate a range of strategies (Anderson, 1991). A good
technique to sensitize students to the strategies they use is to get them to verbalize (or talk about) their thought
processes as they read.
 6. Encourage readers to transform strategies into
skills
As learners consciously learn and practice specific reading strategies, the strategies move from conscious to
unconscious; from strategy to skill. For example, guessing the meaning of unknown vocabulary from context
can be listed as both a strategy and a skill in reading texts. When a reader is first introduced to this concept and
is practicing how to use context to guess the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary he or she is using a strategy.
The use of the strategy is conscious during the learning and practice stages. As the ability to guess unfamiliar
vocabulary from context becomes automatic, the reader moves from using a conscious strategy to using an
unconscious skill.

7. Build assessment and evaluation into your teaching

Assessing growth and development in reading skills from both a formal and an informal perspective requires time and
training. Both quantitative and qualitative assessment activities should be included in the reading classroom.
 Quantitative assessment
Will include information for reading
comprehension tests as well as
reading rate data.

Fluent Reading
Can include reading journal
responses, reading interest,
survey, and responses to reading
strategy checklist.
 8. Strive for continuous improvement as a
reading teacher.
Reading teachers need to be passionate and view themselves as facilitators, helping each reader discover
what works best. The good read­ing teacher actively teaches students what to do. To succeed, you need
more than classroom tips and techniques: you need to understand the nature of the reading process
(Anders, Hoffman, and Duffy, 2000)
 04
Classroom
Techniques and
Tasks
A teaching system for reading is around the word
ACTIVE

 
A: C: T:
Activate prior Cultivate vocabulary Teach for
knowledge Comprehension

I: V: E:
Increasing Verify Evaluate progress
Reading Rate Reading
Strategies
 A: Activate prior knowledge
One activity that you could use is called an anticipation guide. The purpose of the anticipation guide is to
learn what the readers already know about the topic of the reading.
• Example of activity:

Instructions: Respond to each statement twice, once before you begin this unit and again at the conclusion of the unit
 
Write A if you agree with the statement.
Write D if you disagree with the statement.

Response before reading the Topic: Response after reading

statement,
 
  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4.  
  5.  
A: Activate prior knowledge
● If you are trying to devel­op the readers’ ability to
make inferences, prepare five inference questions.
● Before the students read the passage, they read the
inference statements and determine whether they
agree or disagree with the statement.
● The students then read the passage and respond a
second time to the same inference state­ments.
● We expect that the students will not be able to
respond correctly to the inference statements
before reading the passage.
● After reading the passage, we expect that they will
be able to answer the statements correctly.
  C: Cultivate vocabulary
 Begin by writing a key concept in the middle of the chalkboard.
 Choose a concept that is central to the reading you are about to do.
 Have the students work individually, in small groups, or as a class in building from the center of the
word web by adding other vocabulary that is related to the key word.
 Example: if the key word is music, students could create a word web similar to the picture below
 T: Teach for Comprehension
Instead of asking the students comprehension questions after reading a passage, a
teacher can model with the class how com­prehension is reached.

The class reads a portion

The class reads together and discusses The teacher selects a
together and the teacher models
how they arc understanding what is passage that lends itself to
the inferences that can be made
written. making inferences.
while reading.

As the class continues reading As the class continues reading Short mystery stories lend
together, the teacher asks the together, the teacher asks the themselves well to teaching
students to verbalize the inferences students to verbalize the infer­ inferences.
that they are making. ences that they are making.
 I: Increasing Reading Rate
Instead of asking the students comprehension questions after reading a passage, a
teacher can model with the class how com­prehension is reached.

Students read a short passage over As learners participate in They understand more when This activity helps empower
and over again until they achieve repeated reading exercises, reading something twice at a second language readers and
they come to realize how faster reading rate than strengthens their metacognitive
criteri­on levels of reading rate and
this activ­ity is also a tool reading it slowly only one awareness of the value of reading
comprehension. For example,
for improving reading time. rate.
students may try to read a short
100-word paragraph four times in comprehension.
two minutes.
 V: Verify Reading Strategies
• Think-aloud protocols in a guided format get learners to identify the strategies that they use while reading.
• Ask readers to respond verbally to five questions.
(1) What are you trying to accomplish?
(2) What strategies are you using?
(3) Why did you select this/these strategies?
(4) How well is/are the strategies working?
(5) What other strategies could you use to accomplish your purpose?
 Responses to these five questions allow the readers to share with each other a wide range of strategies available for
comprehending reading materi­al.
 The teacher does not have to generate the list of all appropriate reading strategies.
 Students can work together under the direction of the teacher in sharing and evaluating strategy use.
 E: Evaluate progress
Before the teacher asks the students to read the passage, the following five true/false questions are addressed (activate prior
knowledge):
 The readers then practice the reading skill of scanning the
passage to see if their responses to the true/false
questions were correct.
 Readers are taught that:
1. When we read to find information, we move our
eyes very quickly across the text.
2. We don’t read every word.
3. We don’t stop reading when we see a word we
don’t under­stand.
4. We look for the information we want to find. This
is called ‘scanning’. This reading skill is taught to
make sure that readers know how to use the skill of
scanning {teach for comprehension).
 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
01 02
What goals do you now have to improve your ability to
We have accomplished three of these four goals.
We have discussed seven key concepts related to teach second lan­guage reading in the classroom?
second language reading. You can define the • Reflect back over the content of this chapter and set
following concepts central to an understanding of two to three specific, measurable goals for yourself.
reading: silent reading, interactive reading, • Write the goals in a teaching journal you will have
reading fluency, extensive reading, and intensive regular access to. Share these goals with a colleague,
reading. You can demon­strate familiarity with one that you trust and one that you know will help
practical classroom techniques for teaching remind you of your commitment to become a better
reading. The single goal that we have not yet teacher of read­ing.
accomplished is having you set goals for • Use the references listed in the Further Readings
improving your ability to teach reading. section as well as those listed in the References to
provide you with background reading on the top­ics
of your goals.
THANKS!
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