Joyce Travelbee

JOYCE TRAVELBEE
JOYCE TRAVELBEE
 born in 1926 at New Orleans, Louisiana United States
 She earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree from Louisiana State University in
1956
 She was given a Master of Science in Nursing degree in 1959 from Yale University
 known for her work as a nursing theorist
 Her career focused on psychiatric nursing and education. It was influenced by Soren
kierkeegard’s Existentialism and Viktor Frankl’s logotheraphy
 She worked as a psychiatric nursing instructor at the DePaul Hospital Affiliate School in
New Orleans, Louisiana, and worked later in the Charity Hospital School of Nursing in
Louisiana State University, New York University, and the University of Mississippi.
 I Died on 1973 ( 47 yrs. Old)
 93
SOME OF JOYCE TRAVELBEE’S
WORKS INCLUDE:
• Travelbee’s Intervention in Psychiatric Nursing: A One-To-One Relationship
• Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing
• Intervention in Psychiatric Nursing: Process in the One-To One Relationship
MAJOR CONCEPT
HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL
HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL
The need for a “Humanistic Revolution” in nursing, with a renewed devotion on caring and compassion for
patients
Assist the person, family, or community to avert or palliate the experiences of sickness and suffering—
instilling hope as a maximum goal
Hope being a mental state with a yearning to finalize or reach a purpose, with an expectation of gaining that
which is desired
Concept of hope would evolve from psychiatric nursing to patients with chronic illnesses, requiring long-
term care
To understand the ill patient, is to recognize the person’s uniqueness
The nurse’s spiritual values and philosophical beliefs, toward suffering, would be a driving force in helping
people to find meaning in their illnesses
 The therapeutic use of self in communicating and establishing relationships
 Finding meaning, during interactions, is essential to the nurse and patient relationship
 Human-to-Human relationships serve to define and make proficient the practice of
nursing
 Recognizing the importance of sympathy, as well as empathy, in order to develop
human-to-human relationships
 A nurse exhibiting sympathy is an act of courage because the nurse is risking pain,
and one should recognize the dangers involved in sympathy, such as over-
identification, a distorted sense of pity, causing harm to the patient, becoming too soft
hearted, or being will paralyzer to the patient
 Involves working through the phases of initial encounter, emerging identity, empathy,
sympathy, and rapport
Phases of the Nurse-Patient Relationship
1. Original Encounter
The need to perceive the human being in the patient, and vice versa, with the task of
breaking the bond of sequence
2. Emerging Identities: Patient and nurse begin to recognize the differing qualities that
each possess, transcending roles by separating self and experiences from one and another
—not using oneself to judge others4
3. Developing Feelings of Empathy: Not sharing another’s feelings, but sharing a
psychological state of another—exhibiting the ability to predict the behavior of others.
4. Developing Feelings of Sympathy: Experiencing, sharing, and feeling what
others are experiencing—emotional involvement involving the nurse transforming
sympathy into concrete nursing actions
5. Rapport: The phase of rapport is the end result of all phases. An accumulation of
thoughts, experiences, feelings, and attitudes, involving both nurse and patient, that
they can share, perceive, and communicate, resulting in a therapeutic relationship
Travelbee defined her place in history as a pioneer of nursing theory, because she
used a different approach, the human-to-human relationship between nurse and
patient, as she synthesized her unique ideas that differentiated her work from that of
other theorists.
METAPARADIGM
PERSON
 Person is defined as being human. Nurse as well as patient, family, or community

under the umbrella of illness is human.
 A person is a contingent being to whom things happen which are beyond his
control. The person suffers and chooses. Through this search for meaning he
creates himself. Human beings are unique, irreplaceable, ever evolving, and
interacting .
HEALTH
 She defined health as being both subjective and objective.
 Human beings perceive and relate their own sense of health and illness. To be human is to
experience illness.
 A basic assumption is that illness and suffering are spiritual encounters as well as
emotional-physical experiences. Humans may see illness as having merit or as
unavoidable. The presence of distress may not cause one to seek help
ENVIRONMENT
 Environment is not well defined, Travelbee relates that the nurse
must be observant of the patient in the place where the
patient is present in order to ascertain that the patient is in
need. She speaks of experiences encountered by all humans:
suffering, pain, illness, and hope. Her work with psychiatric
patients and community as well as hospitalized individuals
encompass an awareness of differing environments
NURSING
 Nursing is better defined. A relationship is established only when each
participant perceives the other as a unique human being. It is within the
paradigm of nursing that the nurse/human facilitates the individual,
family, or community to prevent or cope with illness and suffering.
 The nurse also assists with trying to find meaning in these experiences,
All contact with ill persons helps fulfill the purpose of nursing. She
insisted that the final measure of nursing competency is always in terms of
the extent to which individuals and families have been assisted with the
problems of illness and suffering"
ACCEPTANCE
IN THE
COMMUNITY
 The human-to-human relationship model of nursing is a tool for gaining trust,
acknowledging respect for others, and showing that empathy and sympathy
are important factors for relationships to be successful and sustaining,
offering a sense of foreseeable well being for the patient, family, or the
community

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JOYCE TRAVELBEE

 Person is defined as being human. Nurse as well as patient, family, or community

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