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GROUP - 5
STABILIZED PAVEMENT MATERIALS

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Stabilized pavement materials

The term ‘soil stabilization’ may be defined as the alteration of the properties of an existing soil either
 The term ‘soil stabilization’ may be defined as the alteration of the properties of an existing soil either
by blending (mixing) two or more materials and improving particle size distribution or by the use of
by blending (mixing) two or more materials and improving particle size distribution or by the use of
stabilizing additives to meet the specified engineering properties.
stabilizing additives to meet the specified engineering properties.
Objectives of stabilization
Objectives of stabilization
 Improve the strength (stability and bearing capacity) of SG, SB, BC materials.
 Improve the strength (stability and bearing capacity) of SG, SB, BC materials.
 Improve the volume stability – problematic soils.
 Improve the volume stability – problematic soils.
 Improve durability - increase the resistance to erosion, weathering or traffic and
 Improve durability - increase the resistance to erosion, weathering or traffic and
 Improve high permeability, poor workability, dust nuisance, frost susceptibility, etc.
 Improve high permeability, poor workability, dust nuisance, frost susceptibility, etc.

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Factors to be considered

 physical and chemical composition of the soil to be stabilized,

 physical and chemical composition of the soil to be stabilized,
 availability and economical feasibility of stabilizing agents,
 availability and economical feasibility of stabilizing agents,
 ease of application,
 ease of application,
 site constraints,
 site constraints,
 climate,
 climate,
 curing time, and
 curing time, and
 safety
 safety
* Such factors should be taken into account in order to select the proper type of stabilization.
* Such factors should be taken into account in order to select the proper type of stabilization.

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Techniques of soil stabilization

Basically four techniques of soil stabilization are commonly practiced in pavement


 Basically four techniques of soil stabilization are commonly practiced in pavement
construction.
construction.
 These are: -
 These are: -
1. Mechanical stabilization,
1. Mechanical stabilization,
2. Cement stabilization,
2. Cement stabilization,
3. Lime stabilization, and
3. Lime stabilization, and
4. Bitumen stabilization.
4. Bitumen stabilization.
 Mechanical stabilization is a method by which a soil or gravel is mixed with the original soil
 Mechanical stabilization is a method by which a soil or gravel is mixed with the original soil
in order to improve the grading and mechanical characteristics of the soil. Other methods of
in order to improve the grading and mechanical characteristics of the soil. Other methods of
stabilization use additives such as cement, lime and bitumen to improve strength, workability
stabilization use additives such as cement, lime and bitumen to improve strength, workability
or waterproofing.
or waterproofing.
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Cont’d…

 mechanical stabilization:- is an improvement of an available material by blending it with one or

 mechanical stabilization:- is an improvement of an available material by blending it with one or
more materials in order to improve the particle size distribution and plasticity characteristics.
more materials in order to improve the particle size distribution and plasticity characteristics.
Typical materials used for mechanical stabilization include: river deposited sand, natural gravel, silty
Typical materials used for mechanical stabilization include: river deposited sand, natural gravel, silty
sands, sand clays, silt clays, crushed run quarry products and waste quarry products, volcanic cinders
sands, sand clays, silt clays, crushed run quarry products and waste quarry products, volcanic cinders
and scoria, poorly graded laterites and beach sands, etc.
and scoria, poorly graded laterites and beach sands, etc.
 Cement stabilization:- Cement is an effective stabilizing agent applicable to a wide range of
 Cement stabilization:- Cement is an effective stabilizing agent applicable to a wide range of
soils. It has two important effects on soil behaviors:
soils. It has two important effects on soil behaviors:
• Reduces the moisture susceptibility of soils ⎯ cement binds the particles greatly and
• Reduces the moisture susceptibility of soils ⎯ cement binds the particles greatly and
reduces moisture induced volume change (shrinkage and swell) and it also improve strength stability
reduces moisture induced volume change (shrinkage and swell) and it also improve strength stability
under variable moisture, and
under variable moisture, and
• Develop inter-particle bonds in granular materials ⎯ increased tensile strength and elastic
• Develop inter-particle bonds in granular materials ⎯ increased tensile strength and elastic
modulus.
modulus.
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Cont’d…

 Soil properties progressively change with increasing cement contents. For practical reasons,
 Soil properties progressively change with increasing cement contents. For practical reasons,
two categories of cement stabilized materials have been identified.
two categories of cement stabilized materials have been identified.
 Cement modified materials ⎯ cement is used to reduce plasticity, volume-change, etc,
 Cement modified materials ⎯ cement is used to reduce plasticity, volume-change, etc,
and the inter-particle bonds are not significantly developed. Such materials are evaluated
and the inter-particle bonds are not significantly developed. Such materials are evaluated
in the same manner as conventional unbound flexible pavement materials.
in the same manner as conventional unbound flexible pavement materials.
 Cement bound materials ⎯ cement is used to sufficiently enhance modulus and tensile
 Cement bound materials ⎯ cement is used to sufficiently enhance modulus and tensile
strength.
strength.
 Cement bound materials have practical application in stiffening the pavement (inter-particle
 Cement bound materials have practical application in stiffening the pavement (inter-particle
bonds are fully developed).
bonds are fully developed).

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Cont’d…

Factors that influence Cement stabilization:

o
o Factors that influence Cement stabilization:
 Nature and type of soil:- fine soils require large quantity of cement
 Nature and type of soil:- fine soils require large quantity of cement
 Cement content
 Cement content
 Moisture content
 Moisture content

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Cont’d…

12/13/2021
Stabilized pavement materials
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Cont’d…

Lime stabilization

 Lime stabilization
 Lime is a broad term which is used to describe:-
 Lime is a broad term which is used to describe:-
֎ (CaO) - [ calcium oxide] --- quick lime,
֎ (CaO) - [ calcium oxide] --- quick lime,
֎ Ca(OH)2 – [calcium hydroxide]---- hydrated lime,
֎ Ca(OH)2 – [calcium hydroxide]---- hydrated lime,
֎ (CaCO3) – [calcium carbonate] carbonate of lime.
֎ (CaCO3) – [calcium carbonate] carbonate of lime.
 lime is an effective stabilizing agent for clayey materials to improve both workability and
 lime is an effective stabilizing agent for clayey materials to improve both workability and
strength.
strength.
 The reaction between soil and lime are complex and still not completely understood.
 The reaction between soil and lime are complex and still not completely understood.

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Cont’d…

Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide

Hydrated Lime

CaO Calcium oxide

Before lime After lime Quick lime

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Cont’d…

Bituminous stabilization
 Bituminous stabilization
 Bituminous stabilization is used with non-cohesive granular materials ⎯ where the
 Bituminous stabilization is used with non-cohesive granular materials ⎯ where the
bitumen adds cohesive strength; and with cohesive materials ⎯ where the bitumen
bitumen adds cohesive strength; and with cohesive materials ⎯ where the bitumen
“waterproofs” the soil thus reducing loss of strength with increase in moisture content.
“waterproofs” the soil thus reducing loss of strength with increase in moisture content.
 Bituminous materials.
 Bituminous materials.
The bituminous materials that are used for stabilization works are mostly penetration
The bituminous materials that are used for stabilization works are mostly penetration
grade bitumen and cutback bitumen and bitumen emulsion.
grade bitumen and cutback bitumen and bitumen emulsion.
 Soil requirements: Bituminous materials are used for the stabilization of both cohesive
 Soil requirements: Bituminous materials are used for the stabilization of both cohesive
and non-cohesive granular soils.
and non-cohesive granular soils.

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…Cont’d

Types of soil-bitumen mixtures in highway engineering:


 Types of soil-bitumen mixtures in highway engineering:
 Soil-bitumen: this is a mixture of cohesive soil and bitumen for waterproofing purpose.
 Soil-bitumen: this is a mixture of cohesive soil and bitumen for waterproofing purpose.
 Sand bitumen: sands such as beach, river, pit, or existing roadway sand may be stabilized with
 Sand bitumen: sands such as beach, river, pit, or existing roadway sand may be stabilized with
bitumen if they are substantially free from vegetable matters.
bitumen if they are substantially free from vegetable matters.
 Waterproofed granular stabilization:- This is a system in which a soil material possessing
 Waterproofed granular stabilization:- This is a system in which a soil material possessing
good gradation of constituent particles from coarse to fine, and having high potential density is
good gradation of constituent particles from coarse to fine, and having high potential density is
waterproofed by uniform distribution of small amount (1-2 %) of bitumen.
waterproofed by uniform distribution of small amount (1-2 %) of bitumen.
 Oiled earth:- This is a soil surface, consisting of silt-clay material made water and abrasion
 Oiled earth:- This is a soil surface, consisting of silt-clay material made water and abrasion
resistant by slow or medium curing bitumen cutbacks or emulsions.
resistant by slow or medium curing bitumen cutbacks or emulsions.

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Group members

Name ID No
Name ID No
1. Muluken Duressa RAMIT/1007/10
1. Muluken Duressa RAMIT/1007/10
2. Natnael Tegegnework RAMIT/1052/10
2. Natnael Tegegnework RAMIT/1052/10
3. Rahel Teshale RAMIT/1119/10
3. Rahel Teshale RAMIT/1119/10
4. Rediet Workneh RAMIT/1124/10
4. Rediet Workneh RAMIT/1124/10
5. Shemsia Salih RAMIT/1223/10
5. Shemsia Salih RAMIT/1223/10
6. Simale Gizachew RAMIT/1230/10
6. Simale Gizachew RAMIT/1230/10
7. Solomon Alem RAMIT/1449/09
7. Solomon Alem RAMIT/1449/09
Group 5
Group 5
Road Engineering G-3 WRIE Sec. A 12/13/2021