5 Gas Exchange Processes - Updated

TOPIC
5
Gas exchange
processes
Chapter 6
Purpose & Goals
• Purpose - remove the burned gas and admit the fresh

charge for the next cycle
• Goals:
– Inducting of the maximum air mass
– mixture preparation (in SI engine) Fuel, Air and recycled
exhaust)
– setting up the flow field within the engine cylinders
(combustion process for satisfactory engine operation)
notes
Four-stroke SI Engine
Intake system and average
pressure within it
Pressure drops depends on:
- engine speed,
- flow resistance of the
elements in the system,
- their cross-sectional area,
- charge density
(a) time-averaged values for a

multicylinder engine
notes
(b)
Valve timing and pressure-

volume diagram
Valve open phases are extended to:

- improve emptying an charging of
cylinder
- make use of inertia of gases in the
intake and exhaust systems
EVO 40-60˚ before BTC

EVC 15-30˚ after TDC
overlap
IVO 10-20˚ before TDC
IVC 50-70˚ after BDC
wide-open throttle
part throttle
notes
Cylinder pressure and valve lift vs crank angle
notes
1.28
1.24
1.20
1.16
1.12
PM AN1 [bar]
1.08
1.04
1.00
0.96
0.92
0.88
0.84
-360 - 30 0 -240 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 240 300

Crank An gle [deg]
notes
Turbocharged four-stroke CI Engine
Intake and exhaust

processes
Intake and exhaust process for

turbocharged four-stroke cycle
engine. The turbocharger compressor
C raises air pressure and temperature
compressor
from ambient po, To to pi, Ti.
Cylinder pressure during intake is
less than pi. During exhaust, the
cylinder gases flow through the
exhaust manifold to the turbocharger
turbine T. Manifold pressure p, may
vary during the exhaust process and
lies between cylinder pressure and
ambient
notes
Volumetric efficiency
• Is a measure of the effectiveness of the engine and its
intake and exhaust systems as an air pumping device
2m a
• Defined for 4-stroke engines only as v 
 a ,0Vd N
• If a,0 is at atmospheric condition, then v is the overall
volumetric efficiency
• If a,0 is at inlet manifold conditions; v then measures the

pumping performance of the cylinder, inlet port, and valve
alone
• Discussion will cover unthrottled engine operation
notes
Volumetric efficiency
Is affected by
• Fuel type, F/A ratio, fuel heat of vaporization
• Mixture temperature as influenced by heat transfer
• Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures

• Compression ratio
• Engine speed
• Intake and exhaust manifold and port design

• Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings
notes
Volumetric efficiency vs. mean piston speed
Volumetric efficiency of SI Engine is

lower than that of diesel due to:
- flow losses in carburetor and
throttle;
- intake manifold heating;
- higher residual gas fraction
notes
Effect on volumetric efficiency of different phenomena
notes
Flow through valves
• Volumetric efficiency is affected by intake and

exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings
notes
Flow through valves (Flow rate &
discharge coefficients
• Mass flow rate of subsonic flow
1
1
  1
 2 • CD: Discharge coefficient
CD AR p0  pT   2   pT   
  • AR : Reference area
m  1    1   
 p0     1   p0  • P0 : Stagnation pressure
 0
RT 2
 
 



• T0: Stagnation
temperature
• When flow is choked and 
pT  2   1
 
p0    1 
 1
CD AR p0 1
 2  2  1
m   
2

1
   1 
 RT0  2
notes
Flow through valves
• For flow into the cylinder through an intake valve, p0 is the

intake system pressure and pT is the cylinder pressure
• For flow out of the cylinder through an exhaust valve, p0 is

the cylinder pressure and pT is the exhaust system
pressure
• The value of CD and the choice of reference area are linked
together; their product is the effective flow area AE of the
valve
• Geometric minimum flow area is one of the choice for
reference area
notes
Poppet valve geometry
Parameters defining
poppet valve geometry
notes
Valve open area
• Instantaneous valve flow area depends on the valve lift and
geometric details of the valve head, seat, and stem
• Minimum valve flow area is calculated for three stages of
valve lift
For low valve lifts, the minimum flow area corresponds to
a frustrum of a right circular cone where the conical face
between the valve and the seat, which is perpendicular
to the seat, defines the flow area.
notes
Valve open area
For first stage minimum flow area is between the valve and
the seat, perpendicular to the seat. For this stage
 Lv 
Am   Lv cos   Dv  2 w  sin 2  
 2 
where ß is the valve seat angle, Lv, is the valve lift, Dv, is the
valve head diameter and w is the seat width
notes
Valve open area
For second stage minimum flow area is still between the
valve and the seat, but not longer perpendicular to the seat.
For this stage
1
Am   Dm  Lv  w tan    w2 
 2 2
 
notes
Valve open area
For third stage, Finally, when the valve lift is sufficiently
large, the minimum flow area is no longer between the valve
head and seat. It is the port flow area minus the sectional

area of the valve stem
Am 
4
 D 2
p  Ds
2

Dp: Port diameter
DS: Valve stem diameter
notes
Valve open area
Valve-lift curve and valves

open area as a function of
camshaft angle
The maximum valve lift is normally

about 12 percent of
the cylinder bore.
notes
Scavenging in
two stroke
engines
Flow configurations
a) Cross-scavenged;
b) loop-scavenged;
c) Uniflow-scavenged
Scavenging in two stroke engines
Methods of pressurizing the charge:

a) Crankcase compression; b) roots blower; c) centrifugal compressor.
Scavenging parameters
The following overall parameters are used to describe the
scavenging process
mass of delivered air per cycle
Delivery ratio 
reference mass
mass of delivered air retained

Trapping efficiency tr 
mass of delivered air
Indicates what fraction of the air supplied to the cylinder is retained in the cylinder
Scavenging efficiency sc 
mass of trapped cylinder charge
Indicates to what extent the residual gases in the cylinder have been replaced with fresh air
Charging efficiency ch 
displaced volume x ambient density
Indicates how effectively the cylinder volume has been filled with fresh air
End of Topic
notes

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TOPIC

• Purpose - remove the burned gas and admit the fresh

(a) time-averaged values for a

Valve timing and pressure-

Valve open phases are extended to:

EVO 40-60˚ before BTC

-360 - 30 0 -240 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 240 300

Intake and exhaust

Intake and exhaust process for

• If a,0 is at inlet manifold conditions; v then measures the

• Discussion will cover unthrottled engine operation

• Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures

• Intake and exhaust manifold and port design

Volumetric efficiency of SI Engine is

• Volumetric efficiency is affected by intake and

• For flow into the cylinder through an intake valve, p0 is the

• For flow out of the cylinder through an exhaust valve, p0 is

Valve-lift curve and valves

The maximum valve lift is normally

Methods of pressurizing the charge:

mass of delivered air retained

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