MODULE

1 ◦ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
MODULE G ALS FLEX Course Material

Introduction to Statistical
Analysis

College of Business and Accountancy

LESSON
#1
LEARNING
OUTC MES
Identify the different
concepts and tools in Basic Concepts of
working with data.
Gain experience in
Statistics
analyzing real data.
Differentiate descriptive
and inferential statistics.
Answer the exercises with
accuracy and precision.
What does the word statistics comes to your mind?
Most people immediately think of numerical facts or data.
Example:
◦ Monthly income of families.
◦ Demand of a certain product..
◦ Electricity consumption during the ECQ period.
◦ Prices of basic commodities and poultry products
◦ Daily incomes of small industries.
◦ Number of people working in the company that belongs to the same industry..
◦ Number of jobless people during the pandemic period.
◦ Daily allowances of students enrolled in the College of Business and Accountancy.
◦ Weekly savings of students from their allowances.
What is statistics?
Statistics is a body of methodology for collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting a
set of data.
Branches of statistics
Descriptive statistics
describes the basic features of a set of numerical data through graphical displays and
descriptive quantitative indicators. It provides a simple summaries about the sample and the
measures.
What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
◦ Descriptive statistics can be useful for two purposes:
◦ 1) To provide basic information about variables in a dataset .
◦   2) To highlight potential relationships between variables. 
Examples:
1. A store manager in a fast food chain tracks the waiting time for customers during the lunch hour for a
week and summarizes the data.
2. A survey to 40 respondents about their favorite car color. The gathered data can be summarized with
some graphs and charts that can allow a researcher to come up with some simple conclusions (e.g.
24% of people said that white is their favorite color).
3. Comparing the performance of two (2) groups of students on the final statistical analysis exam. A
researcher found out that the average math test results are identical for both groups.
4. A researcher might stand in a mall and ask a sample of 200 people if they like shopping at SM Malls.
You could make a bar chart of yes or no answers (that would be descriptive statistics).
Note:
Descriptive statistics cannot be used for making conclusions beyond the data we have analyzed or making
conclusions regarding any hypotheses.
What are the four major types of descriptive statistics?
◦ Four major types of Descriptive Statistics
◦ 1. Measures of Frequency
◦ Count, Percent, and Frequency
◦ Shows how often something occurs
◦ * Use this when you want to show how often a response is given.
◦ 2. Measures of Central Tendency
◦ Mean, Median and Mode
◦  Locates the distribution by various points
◦ * Use this when you want to show how an average or most commonly indicated response.
4. Measures of Dispersion or Variation.
◦ Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation
◦ Identifies the spread of scores by stating intervals
◦ Range = Highest value – Lowest value points
◦ Variance or Standard Deviation = difference between observed score and mean
◦ * Use this when you want to show how "spread out" the data are. It is helpful to know when your data
are so spread out that it affects the mean
◦ 5. Measures of Position
◦ Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks
◦ Describes how scores fall in relation to one another. Relies on standardized scores
◦ * Use this when you need to compare scores to a normalized score (e.g., a national norm)
What is inferential statistics?
Inferential statistics makes inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample of data
taken from the population in question.
Examples:
1. A production manager wants to measure the diameter of each energy drink bottle manufactured
by a company. Is it possible to do so or not? Why?
2. To measure the diameter of each nail that is manufacture in a milling company is impractical.
You can measure the diameters of a representative random sample to make generalization about
the diameters of all the nails being manufactured.
3. A researcher might stand in a mall and ask a sample of 200 people if they like shopping at SM
Malls. You could make a bar chart of yes or no answers (that would be descriptive statistics).or
you could use your research (and inferential statistics) to reason that around 75-80% of the
population (all shoppers in all malls) like shopping at SM Malls.

Note: Inferential statistics are valuable when examination of each member of an entire population is
not convenient or possible.
What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
◦ The purpose of inferential statistics is to discover some property or general pattern about a large
group by studying a smaller group of respondents in the hopes that the results will generalize to the
larger group.
◦ Difference between descriptive and inferential Statistics
Terminologies
1. Population is a complete collection of all elements ( scores, people, measurements and etc.) to be
studied. The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all characteristics to be studied.
2. Sample is a set of individuals or objects collected or selected from a statistical population by
a defined procedure.
3. Simple Random Sample
is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset carries an equal
opportunity of being chosen as a part of the sampling process.
4. Variable

is an attribute that describes a person, place, thing, or idea. The value of the variable can "vary“
from one entity to another.
5. Parameter
measurable characteristics or numbers that summarize data for an entire population. (example;
population mean or population standard deviation)
6. Statistic
measurable characteristics or numbers that summarize data from a sample. ( example; sample
mean, or sample standard deviation).
◦ Difference between (Parameter VS Statistic) and (Population VS Sample )
Types of quantitative variable
a. Discrete variable - is a variable whose value is obtained by counting .
Example: number of students in a class, number of books in students’ bag, number of students
enrolled in statistical analysis.

b. Continuous variable - is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring.

Example: Heights of students in a class, Weight of students in a class, Time it takes to go to school
for students, distance travelled between classes by students.
◦ Types of quantitative data
1. Discrete data
is quantitative data based on actual counting.
Example:
change in pocket, number of books in backpack. number of students enrolled in statistical analysis.
2. Continuous data
is a quantitative set of data derived representing a scale of measurement that
consist of numbers other than whole numbers like decimals and fractions.
Example;
height, weight, temperature, ages, salaries, wages,
5. Data - are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for the purpose of analysis.
What are the methods of sampling from a population?
Probability sampling methods
1. Simple random sampling - each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the
population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected.
2. Systematic Sampling - individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame.
3. Stratified Sampling - in this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all
share a similar characteristic. It is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of
interest to vary between the different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all
the subgroups.
4. Clustered Sampling - the population is divided into subgroups, known as clusters, which are
randomly selected to be included in the study.
Non - probability sampling methods
1. Convenience sampling - is perhaps the easiest method of sampling, because participants are
selected based on availability and willingness to take part.

2. Quota Sampling - is often used by market researchers. Interviewers are given a quota of subjects
of a specified type to attempt to recruit.

3. Judgement (or Purposive) Sampling – is also known as selective, or subjective, sampling, this
technique relies on the judgement of the researcher when choosing who to ask to participate.

Note: volunteer bias is a risk of all non-probability sampling methods.

Non - probability sampling methods
◦ 4. Snowball sampling - is commonly used in social sciences when investigating hard-to-reach
groups. Existing subjects are asked to nominate further subjects known to them, so the sample
increases in size like a rolling snowball.

◦ Note: volunteer bias is a risk of all non-probability sampling methods.

◦
Levels of measurements
1. Nominal - is a scale that categorizes variables.
Example: Which brand of smart phones do you prefer?
2. Ordinal - is a scale that categorizes and depicts the rank or order of variables.
Example: How satisfied are you with the internet services offered by the different Telco
companies? 5 = VS, 4 = S, 3 = N, 2 = US, 1 = VUS.
3. Interval – is a numerical scale that categorizes and depicts rank or order of variables and has equal
intervals.
Example: 80 degrees is higher than 50 degrees and their difference is the same as 70 degrees
and 40 degrees.
4. Ratio – is a numerical scale that contains the qualities of nominal, ordinal and interval scales with
an addition of absolute zero point.
Example: Amount of money, zero money indicates the absence of money.
Exercises:
Give the scale of measurement for each of the following:
1. Occupation nominal
2. Gender nominal
3. Top ten students in Statistical Analysis class. ordinal
4. Income of company. ratio
5. Room temperature interval
6. Colour preference of students. nominal
7. Persons position in a quiz bee contest. ordinal
8. Monthly sales of a certain company. ratio
9. Body temperature of an athlete. interval
10. Demand of a certain product. ratio
Exercises:
Classify each variable as discrete (count) or continuous (measured).
1. Number of cars sold at Toyota Edsa. discrete
2. Number of tiktokers in the Philippines. discrete
3. Amount of milk consume daily by babies. continuous
4. Temperature during the MECQ. continuous
5. Daily tons of garbage in the market. continuous
6. Number of front liners risking their lives to save lives. discrete
7. Number of deaths per day due to covid 19. discrete
8. Number of LSI in metro Manila. discrete
9. Dosage of a medicine for patients with covid 19. continuous
10. Households with television set. discrete
Exercises:
For each statement decide whether descriptive or inferential statistics were used.
1. A recent study showed that eating garlic can lower blood pressure. Inferential
2. The average number of students in statistics class this term is 40 students per class. descriptive
3. It is predicted that the average number of automobiles each household owns will increase next
year. inferential
4. Last month the total number of covid 19 cases was around 356,000 cases. descriptive
5. The chance that a person will be infected by COVID is 99% if he exposes himself to a positive
career. inferential
Example:
Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative.
1. Salary of workers quantitative
2. Allowances of students. quantitative
3. Colour of the eyes qualitative
4. Number of students in the library quantitative
5. Courses offered at the National University Manila. qualitative
6. Brand of detergents used by households. qualitative
7. Daily production output of workers. quantitative
8. Ice cream flavour. qualitative
9. Number students enrolled in Statistical Analysis. quantitative
10. Monthly sales of Mang Donalds restaurant. quantitative
KEEP SAFE EVERYONE
END