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    Arduino Analog Input

    Uploaded by

    mike simson
    This document discusses using pulse width modulation (PWM) to simulate analog output from a digital Arduino device. PWM works by rapidly switching a pin between on and off states to achieve different average power levels over time. The duty cycle, or on time percentage, can be controlled using analogWrite() to vary the brightness of an LED or speed of a motor. Activities have students use PWM to control an LED's brightness via keyboard input and in a loop to fade the LED. While technically digital, PWM allows control of devices that don't respond linearly to voltage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Arduino Analog Input

    Uploaded by

    mike simson
    31 views22 pages
    This document discusses using pulse width modulation (PWM) to simulate analog output from a digital Arduino device. PWM works by rapidly switching a pin between on and off states to achieve different average power levels over time. The duty cycle, or on time percentage, can be controlled using analogWrite() to vary the brightness of an LED or speed of a motor. Activities have students use PWM to control an LED's brightness via keyboard input and in a loop to fade the LED. While technically digital, PWM allows control of devices that don't respond linearly to voltage.

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    This document discusses using pulse width modulation (PWM) to simulate analog output from a digital Arduino device. PWM works by rapidly switching a pin between on and off states to achieve different average power levels over time. The duty cycle, or on time percentage, can be controlled using analogWrite() to vary the brightness of an LED or speed of a motor. Activities have students use PWM to control an LED's brightness via keyboard input and in a loop to fade the LED. While technically digital, PWM allows control of devices that don't respond linearly to voltage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views22 pages

    Arduino Analog Input

    Uploaded by

    mike simson
    This document discusses using pulse width modulation (PWM) to simulate analog output from a digital Arduino device. PWM works by rapidly switching a pin between on and off states to achieve different average power levels over time. The duty cycle, or on time percentage, can be controlled using analogWrite() to vary the brightness of an LED or speed of a motor. Activities have students use PWM to control an LED's brightness via keyboard input and in a loop to fade the LED. While technically digital, PWM allows control of devices that don't respond linearly to voltage.

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    Arduino 4 – Analog

    Output from a Digital


    Device
    Mr. McBrien
    TEJ2O
    Quote for the Day
    Yesterday

     Loops and Variables


    Today

     Pulse Width Modulation


     More Use of the Keyboard
    Analog vs. Digital
     Digital :
     1’s and 0’s
     On/off

     Yes/no

     Analog:
     “any value”
     “onish/offish”

     “maybe”
    Reminder - Power
     What’s the definition of power?

     Energy per unit time – J/s = “Watts”

     P = VI

    The output from an Arduino pin is 5V.


    What does that tell us about the
    power?
    Modifying Power Output

     There are lots of applications for the ability to apply a


    certain amount of power…
     Dimmer switches
     Motors
     Temperature controls
     More
     Many devices don’t support a linear response to voltage
     The Arduino doesn’t produce a range of voltages
    How do we run a Motor at 1/3 Power?
    How do we light an LED at 1/3
    brightness?
    P = IV

     If we can drop the current, we can lower power.

    How do we lower the current???


    Add a Resistor?
     Ohm’s Law: I = V/R
     This would waste energy!
     If devices behaved as a perfect resistor, we could change the
    voltage to modify the power
     Many don’t:
     Motors
     LEDs
     Etc.

    Instead of changing the voltage we apply, we take advantage


    of a trick…
    Analog Output from an Arduino

     Can a digital device produce analog output?

    Image from Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces at UC Berkley

    Rather than changing the voltage, we exploit the time


    aspect of power output…
    Pulse Width Modulation

     Instead of changing the potential from 100% to some other


    value, we briefly drop the voltage to zero
     We wait a period of time and then bring it back up to the
    “on” state.
     The overall power output is the average over a larger time
    period…

    In PWM the switching is so fast, it’s undetectable in the


    real world…
    Pulse Width Modulation

    • Can’t use digital pins to


    directly supply say 2.5V, but
    can pulse the output on and
    off really fast to produce the
    same effect

    • The on-off pulsing happens so


    quickly, the connected
    output device “sees” the
    result as a reduction in the
    voltage

    Image from Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces at UC Berkley


    PWM Duty Cycle
    output voltage = (on_time / cycle_time) * 5V

    Image credit: Tod Kurt

    Fixed cycle length; constant number of


    cycles/sec
    PMW Pins
    Core Skill!
    • Command:
    analogWrite(pin,value)

    • value is duty cycle: between 0


    and 255

    • Examples:
    analogWrite(9, 128)
    for a 50% duty cycle

    analogWrite(11, 64)
    for a 25% duty cycle
    Image from Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces at UC Berkley
    Activity 1: PWM

     Write a sketch to use PWM to change the brightness


    of an LED at pin 9 (don’t forget the resistor)
     Experiment with different brightness settings
     Extension: Set up a loop to move the LED from
    bright to dim repeatedly.
    Activity 2: Serial and PWM

    Modify your program from part 1 to control the


    intensity of the LED attached to pin 9 based on
    keyboard input.

    Use the Serial.parseInt() method to read numeric


    keyboard input as an integer.

    An input of 9 should produce full intensity and an


    input of 0 should turn the LED off.
    …more about motors in a later
    discussion…
    Technically Speaking…
    Geek Slide!
     …the analog output from an Arduino is not analog.
     Because there are a limited number of possibilities, it’s a
    digital simulation of analog output…
    Key Points
     Arduinos are not designed to allow for analog output
     Many devices are also not ideal for use with analog voltages
     We can still control the power sent to these devices using
    fast switching between on and off – PWM
     This is done using the analogWrite(pin,value) command.
    Homework

     Complete your PWM sketches.

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