Marie Claire Cacal Rachelle Reniedo Art Benavidez John Paul Paray

Learning
Competencies:
 THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
 THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES
 DESCRIBE HOW THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS IS BASED ON
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
 CATEGORIZE THE DIFFERENT BIOTIC POTENTIAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE
MARIE CLAIRE CACAL ART BENAVIDEZ JOHN PAUL PARAY

RACHELLE RENIEDO
 THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
Anatomy. Species may share similar physical features

because the feature was present in a common ancestor
(homologous structures).
Molecular biology. DNA and the genetic code reflect the
shared ancestry of life. DNA comparisons can show how
related species are.
Biogeography. The global distribution of organisms and
the unique features of island species reflect evolution and
geological change.
Introduction
Evolution is a key unifying principle in biology. As

Theodosius Dobzhansky once said, “Nothing in biology
makes sense except in the light of evolution.”
 start superscript, 1, end superscript
But what, exactly, are the features of biology that make
more sense through the lens of evolution? To put it
another way, what are the indications or traces that show
evolution has taken place in the past and is still
happening today?
Fossils. Fossils document the existence of now-extinct
past species that are related to present-day species.
Direct observation. We can directly observe small-scale
evolution in organisms with short lifecycles (e.g.,
pesticide-resistant insects).
 Evolution happens on large and small scales
• Macroevolution, which refers to large-scale changes that

occur over extended time periods, such as the formation
of new species and groups.
• Microevolution, which refers to small-scale changes that
affect just one or a few genes and happen in populations
over shorter timescales.
 Anatomy and Embryology
 Homologous features
 Analogous features
 THE ORIGIN AND EXTINCTION OF SPECIES
 Everything we know about life comes from a sample size of one: life here on
Earth. And the fact is, we don’t really know exactly how life arose from
inorganic matter all those billions of years ago … and who’s to say that
different processes might not have taken place on different planets out there
in the universe? Perhaps there are more questions to ask, more possibilities
to consider. But let’s start with what we know about some of the very first
living things on Earth. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae,
started out on Earth quite a while ago. Possible fossil examples have been
found in rocks that are around 3500 million years old, in Western Australia.
 Extinctions happen when a species dies out from cataclysmic events, evolutionary problems, or human
interference.
 The truth is, scientists don’t know how many species of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria exist on
Earth. The most recent estimate put that number at 2 billion, and that will most likely change at some
point.
 One thing we do know: The western black rhinoceros, the Tasmanian tiger, and the woolly mammoth
are among the creatures whose populations at one point dwindled to zero, and it’s possible that species
extinction is happening a thousand times more quickly because of humans.
 Extinction happens when environmental factors or evolutionary problems cause a species to die out.
The disappearance of species from Earth is ongoing, and rates have varied over time. A quarter of
mammals is at risk of extinction, according to IUCN Red List estimates.
 To some extent, extinction is natural. Changes to habitats and poor reproductive trends are among the
factors that can make a species’ death rate higher than its birth rate for long enough that eventually,
none are left.
 A cataclysmic event is one that changes a situation or society very
greatly, especially in an unpleasant way.
 The cataclysmic events that were destroying his faith in humanity. Few
had expected that change to be as cataclysmic as it turned out to be.
 Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class
Mammalia, and characterized by the presence of mammary glands
which in females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex, fur
or hair, and three middle ear bones.
 IUCN works to develop best practices and approaches that enable
effective conservation and help sites achieve high standards, while also
informing professional capacity development and influencing national
and global policy.
 DESCRIBE HOW THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANISMS IS BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
• Humans have come up with ways of organizing, or classifying, biological
diversity throughout human history. However, it is generally agreed that the
most useful way for scientists to organize biological diversity is to group
organisms according to shared evolutionary history.
• Relationships among organisms, and groups of organisms, continues to be
revised as new data becomes available. The rate of such revisions has
increased in recent years primarily as a result of the huge amount of new
molecular data (such as DNA sequences) that has been brought to bear on
tests of evolutionary relationships. This means that nearly all taxonomies
(systems of nomenclature) based on evolutionary relationships among
organisms are being revised, sometimes radically so. Traditional ideas about
how organisms are related, and in which groups they belong, often prove
inaccurate.
 Traditional, biological classification schemes included the idea of
“ranks,” such as species, genus, family, order, class. etc
 The Animal Diversity Web prefers a rank-free classification, and

uses such a format on our classification pages.
 Glossary of terms related to classification and naming of

organisms:
 Classification – a system of naming objects or entities by common characteristics. In a
biological sense, classification is the systematic grouping of organisms based on structural
or functional similarities or evolutionary history. A process of establishing, defining, and
ranking taxa within hierarchical series of groups.
 Taxonomy – the classification of organisms into a system that indicates natural relationships
(evolutionary relationships); the theory and practice of describing, naming, and classifying
organisms.
 Systematics – the systematic classification of organisms and the evolutionary relationships

among them; taxonomy.
 Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of a group or lineage.
 Nomenclature – the system of scientific names applied to taxa (groups of organisms).

 CATEGORIZE THE DIFFERENT BIOTIC POTENTIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE
 Have you ever heard the expression that some efforts are like trying to push a boulder uphill?
In biology, environmental resistance is a little bit like the hill and the boulder is a population of
organisms. If you were trying to push a boulder on flat ground or downhill, it would be much
easier. Same with pushing a pebble or piece of gravel uphill. It would be no big deal. But a
boulder going uphill is a different story.
 Environmental resistance factors are all the things that keep a population of organisms from
endlessly increasing. They lower the chances for reproduction, affect the health of organisms,
and raise the death rate in the population. Environmental resistance factors include factors that
are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living). Biotic factors are things like predation, parasitism,
lack of food, competition with other organisms and disease. Abiotic factors include drought, fire,
temperature, and even the wrong amount of sunshine. You can see how all these things, biotic
and abiotic, wouldbecome an uphill battle to your boulde pushing.
 Biotic potential, the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under
optimum environmental conditions. It is often expressed as a proportional or
percentage increase per year, as in the statement "The human population
increased by 3 percent last year." It can also be expressed as the time it
takes for a population to double in size (doubling time). In disease-related
studies it is comparable to the "force of infection," the number of susceptible
individuals each infected individual further infects.
 Full expression of the biotic potential of an organism is restricted by
environmental resistance, any factor that inhibits the increase in number of
the population. These factors include unfavourable climatic conditions; lack of
space, light, or a suitable substrate; deficiencies of necessary chemical
compounds or minerals; and the inhibiting effects of predators, parasites,
disease organisms, or unfavourable genetic changes.
Evidences
 Fossil records-fossil record, history of life as documented
by fossils, the remains or imprints of organisms from
earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock

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Learning

MARIE CLAIRE CACAL ART BENAVIDEZ JOHN PAUL PARAY

Anatomy. Species may share similar physical features

Evolution is a key unifying principle in biology. As

• Macroevolution, which refers to large-scale changes that

 The Animal Diversity Web prefers a rank-free classification, and

 Glossary of terms related to classification and naming of

 Systematics – the systematic classification of organisms and the evolutionary relationships

 Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of a group or lineage.

 Nomenclature – the system of scientific names applied to taxa (groups of organisms).

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