GROUP MEMBERS - Aadya Tewari, Aman Bhal, Chandan Pramanik, Sameeksha Yadav, Shweta Borde and Yogesh

GROUP -1 PRESENTING
MODULE- 5
Legal Reasoning and Skills of Arguments
On the topic -
FALLACY
GROUP MEMBERS – Aadya Tewari, Aman Bhal, Chandan Pramanik,

Sameeksha Yadav, Shweta Borde and Yogesh
INTRODUCTION
 Fallacyis the use of incorrect or invalid

reasoning in the construction of an argument.
 Certain
fallacious arguments are constructed
on purpose to manipulate or persuade a person
through deception.
ANECDOTAL FALLACY
 Anecdotal fallacy is a claim that is made in a non-scientific

manner and is supported specific instances of an event. It
relies on personal testimonies rather than on scientific
evidence, and, consequently, is considered the weakest type of
evidence or claim .
 A person falls prey to the anecdotal fallacy when they choose
to believe the “evidence” of an anecdote or a few anecdotes
over a larger pool of scientifically valid evidence.
EXAMPLES-
 The fallacy of anecdotal evidence arises when
someone uses proof that relies on personal
testimonies, such as a story based on someone’s
individual experience, in order to support or
refute a claim.
 In other words, this means that the speaker
draws a general conclusion based on a limited
number of examples that are collected in an
informal way.
An example of anecdotal fallacy would be:
“My aunt has been on a low-fat diet for 2 months
now, and she has lost several kilograms.
Therefore it’s definitely the best diet out there.”
SWEEPING GENERALIZATION
FALLACY – SHWETA BORUDE
 The fallacy of sweeping generalization is committed
when a rule that is generally accepted to be correct is
used incorrectly in a particular instance.
 A sweeping generalization is applying a general rule
to a specific instance (without proper evidence).
 Applying generalization to exceptional cases by
ignoring the peculiarities of other cases
EXAMPLES-
An argument is constructed in which a simplistic

general rule is assumed to be more widely true,
therefore an exception is ignored.
Its in the form :-
Some X are Y
Therefore all X are Y
Example of sweeping generalization fallacy is -
All women are bad drivers .
Men cant express feelings .
TAUTOLOGY – SAMEEKSHA YADAV
 Describing the same thing twice in
one sentence is equivalent terms,
the usage of different words or
phrases to say the same thing twice
in one sentence.
 Often times we see, certain things

are named as such that two words
from different languages are used to
mean the same thing. Eg- Chai tea,
River Avon, etc.
EXAMPLES
 We must come together as a nation to unite.

 Be careful, there is frozen ice on the road.
FALSE ANALOGY – CHANDAN PRAMANIK
 It is a logical fallacy in which someone argues

on the basis of a faulty or weak analogy. It’s a
common type of error as people frequently use
misleading and inaccurate analogies to
support their ideas and views.
 It is defined as making inferences based on an
analogy that is too different from the
argument.
EXAMPLES-
 Cars cause more deaths than firearms, thus

cars should be banned before we ban firearms.
 People who can’t go without their coffees are
no better than alcoholics.
BIFURCATION – CHANDAN PRAMANIK
 The bifurcation/ false dilemma fallacy occurs

when on is presented only two options when
there is at least one other option available.
EXAMPLES-
 Do or die
 Either you support war or you are against the
Army
 Either you’re a Gandhian or you love violence
ASSOCIATION FALLACY
– AADYA TEWARI
 It is an informal fallacy. It uses irrelevant

association and often by appeal to emotion, to
state the qualities of one thing are inherently
qualities of another separate thing.
 It has two sub-types, guilt by association and
honour by association.
EXAMPLES-
 GUILT BY ASSOCIATION -Hitler was

vegetarian. Thus, all vegetarians have Hitler’s
ideology.
 HONOUR BY ASSOCIATION – Since
Buddha liked tea, all people who like tea are
holy.
FAULTY CAUSE – AADYA TEWARI
 Derived from the Latin phrase, post hoc ergo

propter hoc.
 It essentially means after this, therefore
because of this. Basically making an
assumption that because B happened after A, B
was caused by A.
 However, in reality
EXAMPLES-
I didn’t wear my red shirt, so I got a D in my

exam.
 After the tax cut, the unemployment rate went
down. Thus, tax cut results in employment
APPEAL TO POPULAR OPINION
- YOGESH
 An appeal to popular opinion is an argument

that begins with the premises about the
popularity of a particular claim, and ends with
a conclusion endorsing that claim.
EXAMPLES-
 Many people think that the verb “to emulate”

is a synonym of “to imitate”. Therefore at “to
emulate” means the same as “to imitate”
 More and more merchants regard the local
currency as losing value, thus the local
currency is losing value.
Equivocation Fallacy – AMAN BHAL
 This fallacy uses a word with two different
meaning .
 It is an informal fallacy which utilizes
particular words/phrases in multiple senses
within an argument.
 Alternating between the different meanings of
a word to set an argument’s premise.
 For example : bark, plant, etc
EXAMPLES-
 Taxes are a headache, pain killers make

headaches go away, thus a pain killer will
make a headache go away.
 All trees have barks, dogs bark, hence dogs
are trees.
CONCLUSION
Fallacies are logical errors in an argument. It is

best to avoid them, however they can be used
as an asset. Thus, it is a must that one is able to
identify fallacies in order to have a bulletproof
argument and to point out the failings of the
opponents argument. It is an essential skill for
an advocate that one must develop at an early
stage.
THANK YOU
On behalf of Group-1

GROUP MEMBERS - Aadya Tewari, Aman Bhal, Chandan Pramanik, Sameeksha Yadav, Shweta Borde and Yogesh

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GROUP -1 PRESENTING

GROUP MEMBERS – Aadya Tewari, Aman Bhal, Chandan Pramanik,

 Fallacyis the use of incorrect or invalid

 Anecdotal fallacy is a claim that is made in a non-scientific

An argument is constructed in which a simplistic

 Often times we see, certain things

 We must come together as a nation to unite.

 It is a logical fallacy in which someone argues

 Cars cause more deaths than firearms, thus

 The bifurcation/ false dilemma fallacy occurs

 It is an informal fallacy. It uses irrelevant

 GUILT BY ASSOCIATION -Hitler was

 Derived from the Latin phrase, post hoc ergo

I didn’t wear my red shirt, so I got a D in my

 An appeal to popular opinion is an argument

 Many people think that the verb “to emulate”

 Taxes are a headache, pain killers make

Fallacies are logical errors in an argument. It is

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