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Cell Cycle & Mitosis

The document summarizes the cell cycle and process of mitosis. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for division, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Mitosis is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division and producing two identical daughter cells each with the same genetic material as the original parent cell.

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Rajesh Sharma
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24 views30 pages

Cell Cycle & Mitosis

The document summarizes the cell cycle and process of mitosis. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for division, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Mitosis is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division and producing two identical daughter cells each with the same genetic material as the original parent cell.

Uploaded by

Rajesh Sharma
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Cycle

&
Mitosis
Cell Reproduction
• Cell Theory
– Cells come from preexisting cells

• Cell division - process which ends with new cells


formed from an old cell.

• All organisms grow and change; worn out tissues


are repaired or replaced by new cells
CHROM…words

• Chromatin – uncoiled DNA


+ proteins
• Chromosome – coiled DNA
+ proteins (Looks like an X)
• Chromatid – only half of a
chromosome
• Sister chromatids – Two
chromatids joined together,
by a centromere, to form a
chromosome
Chromosomes
• Contain DNA

• Becomes dark when stained

• Carriers of genetic material that is copied and


passed from generation to generation

• Identity of cell
Chromatin
• Is the same as chromosomes

• Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins

• Looks chaotic - like a mess of tangled spaghetti

• Needs to be unorganized for the protein to be


copied

• Must recoil before a cell can divide.


Chromatin
Cell Cycle
• The sequence of growth
and division of the cell
• Two general periods
– Growth (interphase)
– Division (mitosis)
• Majority of time is
spent in the growth
period known as
Interphase
The entire sequence of events happening from
The end of one nuclear division to the beginning
of the next.
Involves following cycles:-
1.Chromosome cycle:- In it, DNA synth. Alternates
with mitosis.
2. Cytoplasmic cycle:- In it, cell growth alternates with
Cytokinesis.
3. Centrosome cycle:- Both the above cycles require
proper inheritance of centrosome and its distribution
on poles.
Cell Cycle

• Four stages to the cell


cycle (by Howard & Pelc,
1953)
– Growth period - Interphase
includes:
• G1
• S Stage
• G2
– Division period - Includes:
• Mitosis
Interphase:

• Known as the
growth period
• Majority of cells life
• Three stages within
Interphase
– G1
– S Stage
– G2
G1
Stage #1

• Chromosomes are not


visible under a
microscope - because they
are uncoiled, therefore
called chromatin

• Proteins are quickly


made
S Stage
Stage #2
• Chromatin is
replicated in the
nucleus

• Chromatin divides to
form sister chromatids
which are connected by
centromeres
G2
Stage #3
• Chromatin shortens and coils

• Organelles are made

• Most proteins made are for


mitosis

• Animals - centriole pair replicates


and prepares to form spindle
fibers.
Interphase Information
• Busiest phase of cell cycle
• Replication of chromosomes
Most protein production
• Organelles made
• Cell parts made
• Packaging of chromatins at
the latter part of interphase
Mitosis
• Four Phases of
mitosis
– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
Prophase
first phase of mitosis

• Longest Phase
• Chromatin coils up into
visible chromosomes
• Chromosomes look hairy
• Each chromosome now
has two halves
Prophase
first phase of mitosis
• Chromosomes
– are also called sister chromatids
– Two sister chromatids can be called
a diploid chromosome
– One sister chromatid can also be
called a haploid chromosome
– DNA in sister chromatids are alike
– Sister chromatids are held together
by a centromere
Prophase
first phase of mitosis
• Nucleus disappears

• Nuclear envelope disintigrates

• Nucleolus disintigrates

• Completely absent by the end of


prophase
Prophase
first phase of mitosis
• ANIMAL CELLS
– Centrioles begin to go to opposite
ends of the cell
– Centrioles are small dark and
cylinder like
– Centrioles help to separate sister
chromatids
• ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS
– Spindles begin to appear - look
like footballs
– Spindles have fibers in them
which help to separate sister
chromatids
Metaphase
second stage of mitosis
• Short stage
• Sister chromatids line
up at the equator
• Sister chromatids are
attached by their
centromeres to the
spindle fibers
Anaphase
third stage of mitosis

• SC are pulled apart at the


centromere to opposite
ends of the cell

• This ensures that each new


cell gets one set of the
information needed

• SC are pulled apart


because the spindle fiber
shortens
Telophase
fourth stage of mitosis
• Chromatids reach opposite poles of
cell
• Chromosomes unwind
• Spindle breaks down
• Nucleolus reappears
• New nuclear envelope forms around
each set of chromosomes
• New double membrane begins to
form between the two new nuclei.
Cytokinesis
end of telophase

• The dividing of the


cytoplasm

• ANIMALS
– Plasma membrane
pinches along the
equator
– Two new cells are
separated
Cytokinesis
end of telophase

• PLANTS
– B/c rigid cell wall:
• Cell plate is laid across the equator
• Cell membrane forms around each cell
• New cell walls fom on each side of the cell plate
until separation is complete
Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase
Mitosis: Significance

• Guarantees genetic continuity

• Results in two new cells, daughter cells

• Daughter cells carry out same function


and cellular process as the parent cell
Cell Organization

• Cells work together to make up tissue

• Tissues work together to make organs

• Organs work together to make organ


systems
Cells
• Cells can function on their own or together as a
group.

• One-celled organisms remain one-celled

• Multicellular organisms use mitosis to replace


and replenish their existing cells
Animation is available at:

http://www.sinauer.com/cooper5e/animation1604.html

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