Chapter Seven: Traditional Training Methods

Chapter Seven
Traditional Training
Methods
Objectives
O Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of
presentational, hands-on, and group
building training methods
O Provide recommendations for effective on-
the-job training (OJT)
O Develop a case study
O Develop a self-directed learning module
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Objectives
O Discuss the key components of behavior
modeling training
O Explain the conditions necessary for
adventure learning to be effective
O Discuss what team training should focus on
to improve team performance
70-20-10 Model
O 70 percent of learning derives from job-
related experiences
O 20 percent of learning derives from
interactions with others
O 10 percent of learning derives from formal
educational events
A Learning System
Insert Figure 7.1
A Learning System
O The learning system shows that how and what
employees learn varies and influences the type of
learning methods used.
O Guided Competency Learning
o well defined competencies trained via lecture
and online methods
O Social Competency Learning
o well defined competencies learned via
mentoring, job experiences, and coaching
A Learning System
O Guided Contextual Learning
o context dependent competencies trained
via simulation, on-the-job training,
behavior modeling, and experiential
learning
O Social Contextual Learning

o context dependent competencies learned
via social media and informal
interactions through others
Traditional Training Methods
Audiovisu On-the-job
Lecture al Training
Self-Directed Apprentice Simulation

Learning ship s
Case Business
Role Plays
Studies Games
Behavior Adventure Team

Lecture
In a lecture, trainers communicate through spoken words what
they want the trainees to learn. It’s a one way communication
from the trainer to the audience. The lecture format is also useful
because it is easily employed with large group of trainees.
O Standard lecture: trainer speaks and may use visual aids
provided on the blackboard, whiteboard, or Microsoft
powerpoint slides, while trainees listen and absorb information.
O Team teaching: two or more trainers present different topics
O Guest speakers: speakers visit the session for a predetermined

time period.
O Panel: multiple speakers present information and ask questions
O Student presentations: groups of trainees present topics to the

class
Lecture
O Advantages
o relatively inexpensive and efficient for large
groups
o useful when the instructor is the main
knowledge holder
O Disadvantages
o Lack participant involvement and feedback.
o potentially weak connection to the work
environment
Audiovisual
O Includes overheads, slides, and video
O Video is highly popular, but rarely used alone
O Video can be effective for illustrating communication

skills, interviewing skills, customer-service skills, and
step-by-step procedures
Video
O Advantages
o can demonstrate content that cannot be
easily demonstrated live
o provides consistency
o useful complement to other methods
O Disadvantages
o creative approach may be weak because
of the too much content for the trainee
to learn.
o may become obsolete.
On-the-Job Training (OJT)
O Involves learning by observing others and
emulating their behavior
O Considered informal because it does not
occur in a classroom and because managers
or coworkers are trainers
O Useful for training new employees,
upgrading experienced employees’ skills,
and cross-training
On-the-Job Training (OJT)
O Advantages
o requires less time and cost than formal training
o customized to the experiences and abilities of
trainees and offered at any time
o focuses on actual job content
O Disadvantages
o may be inconsistent because managers and peers
may not use the same process to complete a task.
o bad habits may be passed on
Self-Directed Learning
O Places complete responsibility for learning
on the learner, including when learning will
take place and with whom
O Content is pre-determined, but trainees can
learn the content at their own pace and in
their own way
O Trainers should be available to answer
questions and facilitate learning
Self-Directed Learning
O Advantages
o flexibility for trainees
o fewer trainers, facilities, and resources
required
o consistent training content
O Disadvantages
o may place too much responsibility on
learners
o may be costly
Developing Self-Directed
Learning
O Conduct a job analysis to identify the tasks
O Write trainee-centered learning objectives
O Develop the content for a learning packet
O Break content into small chunks
O Develop an evaluation package
Apprenticeships
O Work-study type training involving on-the-
job and classroom training
O Typically sponsored by a company or trade
union
O Common in skilled trades, such as for an
electrician, carpenter, and plumber
Apprenticeships
O Trainee advantages
o earn pay while they learn
o wages increase as skills improve
o competitive job offers
O Trainee disadvantages
o historically restricted access to women
and minorities
Apprenticeships
O Employer advantages
o meet specific business needs
o attract talented employees
o trainees are skilled and motivated
O Employer disadvantages
o costly
o potentially narrow skill set
Simulations
O Training method that represents a real-life
situation where trainees’ decisions result in
outcomes that mirror what would happen
on the job
O The best simulations have a high degree of
identical elements
Simulations
O Advantages
o highly realistic hands-on practice
o allow trainees to make mistakes
O Disadvantages
o potentially expensive to develop
o may be difficult to incorporate identical
elements
Case Study
O In-depth scenario how employees or an
organization dealt with a difficult situation
O Trainees are required to analyze and
critique the actions taken, indicate
appropriate actions, and suggest what
should have been done differently
O Individuals learn through a process of
discovery
Case Study
O Advantages
o useful for developing intellectual skills
o engage learners
O Disadvantages
o trainees must be highly motivated and
have a degree of expertise
o recommendations are merely
hypothetical
Business Games
O Primarily used for management skill
development
O Require trainees to actively gather
information, analyze, and make decisions
O Stimulate learning because participants are
actively involved and because games mimic
the competitive nature of business
Business Games
O Common characteristics of games:
o involve a contest or competition
o designed to demonstrate an application
of a knowledge or skill
o alternative courses of action are available
o trainees do not know for certain the
consequences of their actions
o rules limit participant behavior
Business Games
O Advantages
o can be used for training that would
otherwise involve risk of accident or high
cost
o active involvement
O Disadvantages
o difficult to develop
o not always realistic
o trainees must be motivated
Role Plays
O Require trainees take on a role, such as a
manager or disgruntled employee, and
explore what is involved in the role
O Often included in programs focused on the

development of interpersonal skills
Role Plays
O Advantages
o allow trainees to practice skills
o trainees are engaged
O Disadvantages
o trainees may not always take role playing
seriously
o scenarios may not be realistic
Enhancing Role Plays
O Explain the background and context
O Provide a script with sufficient detail
O Arrange the room so other trainees can see
O Provide observation sheets and checklists
that highlight key issues
O Provide sufficient time to debrief and
provide feedback
Behavior Modeling
O Hands-on method that involves presenting
to trainees a model, highlighting the key
aspects of the model, practice, and
feedback
O Based on social learning theory
O Highly effective for interpersonal skills
Effective Modeling Displays
O Clear presentation of the key behaviors
O A model that is credible to trainees
O An overview of the behaviors
O Repetition of each behavior
O A review of the behaviors
O Models using the behaviors correctly and
incorrectly
Behavior Modeling
O Advantages
o hands-on practice
o highly effective in promoting transfer
O Disadvantages
o potentially time-consuming to
implement
Adventure Learning
O Method aimed at developing teamwork,
leadership skills, and self-awareness
O Activities range from highly strenuous and
challenging ones, such as mountain
climbing, to less challenging ones, such as
rope courses
O Exercises must be related to a specific
learning objective
Adventure Learning
O Advantages
o trainees interact and build relationships
o can be self-enlightening and
invigorating
O Disadvantages
o potential physical harm
o costly
o not all trainees may be motivated
Team Training
O Three key aspects of team performance
o Behavior—teams must communicate,
coordinate, adapt, and complete
complex tasks
o Knowledge—teams must have “mental
models” that allow them to function
effectively
o Attitudes—members must have
favorable attitudes toward each other
Elements of Team Training
Team Training
O Advantages
o when properly designed, team training
generally results in more effective teams
O Disadvantages
o potentially costly
o time consuming
Action Learning
O Involves assigning teams an actual problem,
committing to an action plan, and holding
them accountable
O Used to solve important problems, develop
leaders, build teams, and transform
organizational cultures
O Typically involves teams of 6 to 30
Action Learning
O Advantages
o highly interactive and engaging
o highly effective in developing the target
skills and promoting transfer
O Disadvantages
o requires trainees with a high level of
ability
Choosing a Method
O A variety of considerations should be taken
into account
o The learning outcome, which the most
important
o The learning environment
o Transfer of training considerations
o Cost
o Overall effectiveness
General Trends
O There is considerable overlap in learning
outcomes across methods
O Hands-on methods are more effective than
presentation methods
O Presentation methods are less expensive
O Where possible, use multiple methods to

capitalize on the strengths of each

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Chapter Seven

O Develop a self-directed learning module

Insert Figure 7.1

O Social Contextual Learning

Self-Directed Apprentice Simulation

Behavior Adventure Team

O Guest speakers: speakers visit the session for a predetermined

O Student presentations: groups of trainees present topics to the

O Video is highly popular, but rarely used alone

O Video can be effective for illustrating communication

O Often included in programs focused on the

O Highly effective for interpersonal skills

O Where possible, use multiple methods to

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