“The Development of

Renewable and Alternative in

Thailand ”

Rangsan Sarochawikasit
Executive Director of Energy Research Bureau
Dept. of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency
Email : rsan@dede.go.th

April 2011
 Outline

• Energy Management in Thailand

• Renewable Energy Policy in Thailand
• Measures to Promote Renewable Energy
• Renewable Energy Development in Thailand
- Biofuel
- Biogas & Biomass
- Hydro Power
- Solar Energy and Wind Power
- Hydrogen
• Barriers and Difficulties
• Conclusion

2
3
 Thailand’s Energy Sector
Management

Cabinet National Energy Policy Council (NEPC)

Committee on Energy
Minister of Energy Policy Administration (CEPA)

Energy Energy Conservation

Regulatory Promotion Fund Committee
Commission (ERC) (ENCON Fund Committee)

Permanent Secretary
of Energy
EPPO serves as Secretariat to NEPC,
CEPA and ENCON Fund Committee
4
4
4
 The Structure of Ministry of Energy
(established since October 2002)

Ministry of Energy
(MoEN)
Office of the Minister

Office of the Energy Policy and Dept. of Mineral Fuels

Permanent Secretary Planning Office (EPPO) (DMF)

Dept. of Alternative
Dept. of Energy
Energy Development
Business (DOEB)
and Efficiency (DEDE)

With 1 State Enterprise and 2 autonomous public 2 Public Organizations:

companies:
1) Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand • Energy Fund Administration
(EGAT) Institute (EFAI)
2) PTT PCL. • Energy Regulatory Commission
3) Bangchak Petroleum PCL. (BCP) (ERC)
5
 Thailand’s Electricity Industry Structure
Private
Owned
State
Owned >90 10-90 <10 Capacit
MW MW MW y
Generati EGAT Import IPPs SPPs VSPPs
(43.3%) (1.6%) (45%) (9.5%)
on (0.6%)

(% share)

Transmissio Govt.
EGAT (100%)
n

Distributio PEA
(67%)
MEA
(31.3%)
Direct Customers
(1.7%) ERC
n
Users Users MEA = Metropolitant Electricity
Authority
PEA = Provincial Electrcicity Authority

Remarks: % Share of Energy as of Oct 2009

6
7
 Thailand’s Energy Consumption in
2009
In 2009, Energy Expenses 47 billion USD (import 58%)
Total Commercial Energy Use 1.656 million barrels (oil
equivalent) of per day

Commercial Energy
Consumption by fuel

Energy Use
by sector

8
 Thailand’s Fuel Mix for Power
Generation
Installed capacity 32,683
MW

1963 1987 Ref. : EGAT , EPPO

2010 As of March 2010 9
Types of Power Supply by VSPP
 Alternative Energy Development Plan
2008-2022
Cabinet Resolution on
ESCO Fund 28 Jan 2009
CD
s M
re
Target 5,600 MW
BOI, Existing 1,830 MW
su

Revolving Fund Mini

Power
ea

2.4% hydro/Wind/Solar
Biomass/Biogas/MSW/
M

Adder cost Hydrogen

R&D Target 7,433 ktoe

Existing 3,098 Ktoe Heat
7.6% Biomass/Biogas
MSW/Solar
7.0% 15.6% 19.1% 20.3%
Ethanol
Target 9.0 MLPD
Existing 1.25 MLPD
Oil Replacing of 4,670 ktoe Bio-diesel Bio
Currency Saving 2.1 Billion Target 4.5 MLPD
USD 4.1% Existing 1.67 MLPD Fuel
GHG Reduction 14.4 million Hydrogen
tons Target 19,800 ktoe Target 0.1 Million kg
Currency Saving 10.2 Billion 6.2%
USD Target 690 mmscfd NGV
GHG reduction 42 Million (6,090 ktoe)
Tons Existing 194 mmscfd
2009 2011 2016 2022
As per 2009 oil average price of 61.
61.31 USD/barrel As of March 2010
12
 Measures for RE Promotion
7 Supporting Mechanisms:
Offices giving
RE-Electricity Generating
ONEP licenses
ERC Local
(5 from MoEN ; 1
1
BOI- EIA Admin
1 from Board of Investment Investment
and 1 from TGO ) Incentives
Licenses
2
2
DEDE • Renewable energy maps Technical
• Info from demonstration support
site
• One-Stop Service Promotion requesting
3
3
Renewable energy
Support potential
• info Grant, i.e.
Investment
from biogas, solar hot water, and Private
DEDE
the & MSW (i.e.100% 2009, 50% To Investor Carbon
2010 , 25% 2011 for MSW ) raise credit
EPPO
Ministr 4
4 a loan sale
Banks
y of DEDE • “Energy Soft Loan” 7
Energy Revolving funds for RE and Capital CD
requesting
energy conservation Registratio M
5
5 n for intent
Negotiation
DEDE Projects
• ESCO Venture Capital expression
for electricity
- Firm
as per the - Non Firm
Fund time selling &
6
6 buying
EPPO • “Adder” : Feed-in specified
Premiums Policy Electricity
Adder Consumers
authorities

13
 Supporting Schemes &
Incentives
Soft Loans  Revolving Fund
– 7,000 MTHB (US $ 210 Mill.) (2003 to present) allocated
from Gov’s ENCON FUND & 90%subscribed;
– 2-Stepped Loan mix w/ Bank’s Money (approx. 1:1);
– Max. Fix 4% p.a. interest rate;
– 7 yr. loan period
– Draw a creation of larger lending program by Banks (negotiable rate)

Bank’s
Own
Nego.
Lending
70,000 MB
Mix by
Private
Bank
7,000 MB Investors
Revolvin
g Com. <4 .0%
Fund 0.5% Banks
7,000 7,000 MB
MB
14
 Supporting Schemes &
Incentives
Gov Co-Investing Scheme  ESCO Fund
– 500 +500 MTHB allocated from Gov’s ENCON FUND
– 2 Fund Managers assigned & given 3 years window of
investment
– 7-10 years of investment with mutual agreed exit clause
– Max 20% equity holding
– As of 2009, 29 projects invested (400 MTHB)

• E for E
• ECFTC

15
 BOI and CDM
Tax Incentives (Board of Investment – BoI )
RE & EE top priority list 
BOI Max. Privileges 8 yrs Income Tax Holiday
(Min. of + extra 5 y. (9th -13th yr) 50% tax
Industry)
reduction

CD • LoA Issued 118 Projects (7.38 million tons CO2e

M /year)
(MONRE • Registered 37 Projects (2.14 million tons CO2e
) /year)
LoA Projects • No. of Projects2 Projects (0.81 million tons CO
Verified Bio-fertilizer 2e
Biogas 72
/year) NO
1%
Solar Hydro
Biomass 18
2
2% 4%
EE 1%
Landfill 8 9%

EE 11 Landfill
7%
N2 O 1
Bio-fertilizer 1
Biomass
Solar 2 15% Biogas
Hydro 5 61%
Supporting Schemes &
Incentives

17
 Adder and Feed-in
Fuel
Premiums
Adder Adder-VSPP Special Supporting
(B/kWh) (USD Cents /
adder * period
kWh)** (Year)
VSPP SPP (B/kWh)
 Biomass
- Installed capacity <= 1 MW 0.50 Bidding 1.54 1.00 7
- Installed capacity > 1 MW 0.30 0.93 1.00 7

 Biogas (all categories of

production sources)
- Installed capacity <= 1 MW 0.50 Bidding 1.54 1.00 7
0.30 0.93 1.00 7
- Installed capacity > 1 MW

 Waste (community waste, not

hazardous industrial waste, and
inorganic waste)
2.50 2.50 7.72 1.00 7
- AD &b LFG
3.50 3.50 10.81 1.00 7
- Thermal Process

 Wind power
- Installed capacity <= 50 kW 4.50 13.89 1.50 10
- Installed capacity > 50 kW 3.50 3.50 10.81 1.50 10

 Mini and micro hydropower

- capacity 50-200 kW 0.80 -No- 2.47 1.00 7
- capacity < 50 kW 1.50 4.63 1.00 7

 Solar power** 6.50 6.50 20.08 1.50 10

* Note : Special Adders for

**Feed-in Tariff revised by - Facilities in 3 Southern Provinces
National Energy Policy Council on 28th - Diesel-Gen. replacement on PEA
system
June 2010
18
** 1 USD=32.375 Baht
 Measures For Ethanol

1.Market incentive
Exemption of excise tax for ethanol
Lowered retailed price of Gasohol than Gasoline
(price at 7 Feb. 2011) Gasohol Gasoline 95
E10 (฿/lt) 35.44 45.54
E20 (฿/lt) 32.04
E85 (฿/lt) 20.92
2. Promote E85 and FFVs (Flexible Fuel
Vehicles)
Reduction of
– Excise Tax = 25% to 35% (>1800 to 2500 C.C.)

19
 Measures for Biodiesel

1.Market Incentive
Exemption of excise tax for ethanol
Retailed price of B5 is lower than Diesel (B3)
Diesel (B3) 29.99 ฿/L
B5 29.59 ฿/L * Current price : (Jan.
11)

2. Biodiesel Usage
• Enforced B2 nationwide on 1 Feb, 2008;
• Enforced B3 nationwide on Jun. 1,2010;
• B5 will be enforced nationwide in 2011 (Need to
expand palm oil cultivation 2.5 million rais in 2012
and using the rest of palm oil from exporting and
domestic consumption. 20
21
 Renewable Energy Potential & Existing

For Electricity Generation

Potential 18 Potential 700 MW Potential 2-7 m/s

Solar MJ/m2/day Hydro Wind
Existing 56 MW Existing 5.6 MW
Existing 32 MW
- Urban area
- Solar Home - Mini Hydro and - Wind farm in Southern
- His Majestic project Micro Hydro of
- 0.1% of install area Thailand

Potential 4,400 MW Potential 190 MW Potential 320 MW

Biomass Biogas Existing 66 MW
MSW
Existing 1,648 MW Existing 6.5 MW

- Sugarcane Industry,
palm ,etc. Biogas from livestock - Bangkok ~ 9,000 tons/day
- Biomass Power plant farm and agro, palm - Municipality >100 tons/day
- Community power plant Industry

For Process Heating For Biofuel

Potential 154 Potential 7,400
Solar ktoe Biomass ktoe Ethanol Potential 3.0 MLPD
Existing 1.23 MLPD
Existing 2.14 Existing 3,130
ktoe ktoe
- Industrial: sugarcane, - Molasses, tapioca,
-Hot water
palm, paper) sugarcane juice
(hospital,Hotel)
- community (high-eff. cellulose
-Drying
stove)
Potential 600 ktoe Potential 78 ktoe Biodiesel Potential 4.2 MLPD
Biogas Existing 311 ktoe MSW Existing 1.1 Existing 1.72 MLPD
ktoe
- Industrial Waste - Palm oil,
water - Municipality Jatropha, used
(starch, food, <100 tons/day cooking oil
beverage, palm, 22
rubber, paper, Bio- 2010 * Volume of Raw material (Production – Domestic
23
Hydro Power

24
 แม่ แม่กืม
สาบ แม่ หลวง
หาด ห้วยน้้า ห้วย
แม่สะ ข่น
่ แม่ผง
งา
แม่ฮอ
่ งส แม่มาว

Hydro Power อน
แม่สะเรี
กิ่ว
ลม
ยง น้้าขะ
แม่ มึน
ตืน บ่อ
แก้ว ห้วยประ
ห้วย ทาว
แม่สอด
“Small Hydro Power Plant ห้วยยะ
โม่
in Thailand”
ล้าพระ
เพลิง
คิร ี
Total 22 Projects ธาร

Installed Cap. 43,318 kW

South
4
Projects
N-East
2 Projects
ts
ห้วยล้า jec
East 1 Project o
สินธุ่ Pr
คลองล้า 15
ปลอก
orth
คลองด่ N
สน

ไอกา
เปาะ 25
Mae Khum Luang Hydro Power Plant;
Mae Hong Son

Dam

Power
Plant

26
 Mae Khum Luang Hydro Power Plant;
Mae Hong Son

•Installed Capacity 3,200 kW

Commissioning dated: 14 December
1981

Mae Khum Luang

Dam

27
 Mae Sarieng Hydro Power Plant Mae
Hong Son

Dam

Power
Plant

Installed Cap. 1,250 kW

Commissioning dated:16 June
 Micro Hydro Power Plant

Hui Kwae Micro Hydro Power

Plant
Doi Saket, Chieng Mai Province

Installed cap. 20 kW
Commissioning dated: 1 Apr.
2003
Investment cost: US $4300 per
kW

Mae Com Pong 3 Micro

Hydro Power Plant
Mae Onn, Chieng Mai Province
Catchment area 23.5 km2
Installed cap. 40
kW
Supplied power to 249
households 29
29
Commissioning dated: 1 Feb.
 Micro Hydro Power Plant: Construction
Works
Based on public participation concept

30
Micro Hydro Power Plant:
Installation Works

31
Solar Energy & Wind Power

32
 Solar irradiation map

Solar irradiation
Average solar irradiance
18.2 MJ/m2-d
(5.05 kWh/m2-day)
Maximum solar irradiance
20-24 MJ/m2-d
using satellite images and
ground station
measurement
Solar direct irradiation map

Average direct normal

irradiance 11.9 MJ/m2-
d
(3.3 kWh/m2-day)
Maximum solar
irradiance 14-15 MJ/m2-
d
 On grid PV system

Department
store

 470 kW system
 600,000 kWh/yr
electricity
 starting date October
2004

36
 Off grid PV system

Battery charging station

 Capable of charging up to 20
batteries
at the same time

3 kW system for
30-50 households

Battery charging 37
station
 Off grid PV system

Solar Home System

120 – 150 W system

38
 Off grid PV system

Solar cell of schools and

health clinics in remote
area

2.5-5 kW system

39
 Off grid PV system

Solar water pumping system

(1000 W)
40
Solar Dryer for Agricultural
Products
Solar Tunnel Dryer
Suits for drying fruits i.e. banana,
mango, jackfruit etc.
Drying Temp: 40-70 C
Cap. 50-70 Kg.

Solar Greenhouse Dryer

Suits for drying spices i.e. chili,
bergamot leaf
Drying Temp: 40-70 C
Cap. 250-300 Kg.

Roof-integrated solar dryer

Suits for drying spices and herbs
i.e. roselle fower, saffower
Drying Temp: 40-70 C
Cap. 200-300 Kg.

41
 Wind Energy
Currently, Wind Power = 5.61 MW
Targeted in Year 2022  800 MW

42
 Wind Potential Map

wind map 2010

Thailand Wind
Mast

Wind station at 40 m height

Wind station at 90 m height

Totally
- 45 wind stations at 40 m height

- 23 wind stations at 90 m height

43
 Wind Energy Demonstration Project

Made in Thailand 5 kW HAWT Made in Thailand 5 kW VAWT

Import from foreign 5 kW

HAWT

44
 Wind Energy Demonstration Project

250 kW WTG from India 1,500 kW WTG from China

45
 Wind Energy Demonstration Project

Wind farm 5 kW X 5 sets (5 size of blade and 5 type of tower)Made in

Thailand
46
47
 Biomass Energy Development Plan
2008-2022
Existing Year 2009 2010 2011 2016 2022
 Electricity = 1,648MW 1,644

Thermal uses = 3,130 ktoe

Biomass Plan (MW)
3,130
1,780
3,320
2,800 3,220 3,360

(ktoe) 3,660 5,000 6,700

 Biomass Utilization in Palm
industry

es
us
s s
a :
m
o cy ion
i
b en t
se c i ra
e a f f i ne
c r e ge
In o -
C
 Community Biomass
Utilization

Gasification for Small Industry: Khao Kor Agricultural

Industry
Double throat Down Draft Gasifier: 320
kWth

Fuel Charcoal Corn cob

Fuel 13.75-28.75 47.5-100
Consumption
(kg/h)

Thermal 75.27-95.19 70.57-89.86

Efficiency (%)

Application Generate 60-80 oC hot water

Bunker oil 130

Replacement
(litre/h)

Investment US $ 50,000
cost 50
 Biomass Utilization in Households
Reducing air pollutants
Increase efficiency of i.e. CO, NOx,
cooking stoves from Particulates, etc..
avg. 15% to 22%

e s
s su
e rI
n d
Ge

Eff. Charcoal
maker 200
lts
 Way Forward of Biomass
z eedd Utilization
iim i
m t::i z
aaxx
M nneeffiit y
M Lactic acids, bioplastic
Bee ffiinneerry
B Sugar processed food,

o --rree t animal feeds animal

Biio onncceeppt
B and cosmetic products
Co
C Cane juice Molasses
Alcohol Acetic acid, Whisky,
ethyl acetate acid,
gasohol, biochemical
products
Filtered cake
Fertilizer

1 lt EtOH = 14.3 kg. sugarcane

= 4.0 kg. molasses
Heat/
o
Zer e Electricity

a s t Bagasses
w Leaves Alcohol

sugarcane is highly Particle board, paper

efficient converter of solar en
ergy Fertilizer
1 ton of sugarcane 52
equivalent to 1 barrel of cru
 Electricity from Biogas = 70
MW
Heat/Fuel
Heat/Fue from Biogas = 188
Biogas Energy
Targeted in Year 2022 = 120
ktoe
MW
Targeted in year 2022 = 600
ktoe As of :Jan
2010

53
 Biogas from Wastewater
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB); Citric acid
factory, Wastewater 600 m3/day, biogas 3,200 m3/day

High Rate Anaerobic Lagoon (HRAL); Starch

factory Wastewater 5,000 m3/day, biogas 20,000
m3/day
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB); Starch
factory, Wastewater 4,000 m3/day, biogas 14,790
m3/day

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB); Paper

factory, Wastewater 7,000 m3/day, biogas 3,400
m3/day 54
Waste and Manure to Energy

Chicken manure to Biogas

Number of chicken: 6,000
Vol. of Waste water: 10 cu.m.
Cap. of system: 70 cu.m.
Biogas production: 30 cu.m./d
Electricity cost saving: 30%
Investment subsidy by MoEN
(50%) 55
Total investment cost : US$ 6,000 55
Way Forward of Biogas Utilization
 Solid waste management in Thaialnd

Municipalities Non Urban

BKK & Pataya
(8,530 tpd) (13,600 tpd) (18,200 tpd)

13% 87% 32% 3% 65%

Opened Dump
Organic Compost & Burned 94%
Sanitary Landfill Incineration
(Commission 2005) Transfer to others 6%

Total amount solid waste 40,330 tpd in 2007

 Waste to energy Project

Small Biogas Digester

- 2.5 m3 biogas digester

- Capacity: 40 kg/day
- biogas production: 2.5 m3/day
- 540 digesters installed in
schools, army agencies,
communities, hospitals

58
 Waste to Energy Project

MSW Biogas System in municipalities

- Capacity: 15 ton organic

solid waste/day
- 2 stage biogas digester (acid
tank and Anaerobic Baffled
reactor, ABR)
- Maximum production:
biogas 480 m3/day
- Biogas uses:
slaughterhouses, nearby
households, market.
- Investment cost: $ 200,000

59
Waste to Energy Technology Assessment
 Ethanol Development
Bioethanol Development Plan 2008 - 2022
E85
Gasohol E10 390,000 1,070,000
E20 ,promote 2,000 FFVs
nationwide FFVs FFVs
FFV

51
08 52
09 53
10 54
11 55
12 56
13 57
14 58
15 59
16 60
17 61
18 62
19 63
20 64
21 65
22

Ethanol Demand
1.24 1.34 2.11 2.96 6.2 9.0
(ML/day)**
Budget - 28 60 30 160 280
(M฿)
Sustainable ethanol production
Ethanol Market
R&D and promote ethanol logistic , ethanol depot for export

Promote ethanol production from molasses and cassava

Ethanol Promote ethanol production from sugar cane
Production
Promote by-product utilization from ethanol production ex. Acetic acid
R&D yield of cassava 3.5 to 4.5 ton/rai/yr in 2012

Feed Stock R&D yield of sugarcane 11.8 to 15 ton/rai/yr in 2012

Sustainable feed stock for ethanol production

R&D 2nd generation of ethanol production (Cellulosic) Promote 2nd generation of ethanol
production
R&D value added ex. sawage
study E85 61
Raw Material Potential
Raw Material Potential
 Ethanol Production

Material Operated
(Nov. 10)
Plant Total cap.
(Ml/day)
1 Molasses/Sugarcane 9 1.30

2 Cassava 4 0.63
3 Molasses/Sugarcane/ 6 1.00
Cassava
Total 19 2.93

Currently (Nov. 10) 19 existing plants total installed

Existing Ethanol Plants
cap. 2.93 Ml/day
9 Molasses/Sugarcane
4 Cassava - Molasses/Sugarcane 9 Plants Cap. 1.30 Ml/da
6 - Cassava 4 Plants Cap. 0.63 Ml/da
Molasses/Sugarcane/Cassa
- Molasses/Sugarcane/Cassava 6 Plants Cap. 1.00 Ml/day
va
In 2011
5 new ethanol producers, total installed
capacity 1.82 Ml/day
Total installed capacity 4.75 million liters/day in 2011

64
 Gasohol service stations & Volume
sale
Oil Total GSH Service Stations
Gasahol Usage Companies Service
Stations
 Total GSH95, GSH91, E20 and E85 Usage 12.30 Sep. 10 Dec. 07 Dec. 08 Dec. 09
MLPD
(Nov. 10) Ptt. 1,185 1,139 1,135
1,149
 Total stock of ethanol 64.78 ML. (Aug. 10) Bangchak 756 852 868
891
 @ Oil companies 36.01 ML @ Ethanol producer Shell 548 578 590
28.77 ML 590
12.30 MLPD ESSO 513 550 553
 Total GSH Service station 4,333 stations, 12 oil 553
companies Chevson 458 370 423 453
IRPC oil 1 1 1 1
Ptt. retail 146 146 145
145
Petronas 98 117 116
101
SUSCO 106 143 145
137
Pak tai 35 144 212
239
Thai oil - 2 2
2
Rayong Pure 64 71 67
67
Total GSH+Gasoline 21.28 100% Total GSH Service
3,822 4,166 Stations
4,287
4,333 Sep. 10
(ML/day)
GSH E85 8
GSH 12.30 57.8%
GSH E20 432
Gasoline 8.98 42.2%
Ref. DOEB, Nov. 10
65
 Biodiesel Development Plan
2008 – 2022
Research on Biodiesel
with fish boat Engines B5 nationwide, B10 optional

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Demand 1.35 1.35 1.35 3.02 3.64 4.50
B100
(ML/day)
Budget 129.75 37.4 29.4 19.4 450 330
(M฿)
Enforcement B2 Enforcement B5
B100 Optional B5 Optional B10
Marketing
Sustainable B100 production

Biodiesel production from CPO and Sterine

B100 R&D production / Community usage
Production
Biodiesel standard development

Expanding Palm oil cultivation areas 2.5 million rai

Feedstock
R&D Yield of palm 2.8 to 3.2 ton/
ton/rai/
rai/yr

Sustainable CPO production

R&D and promote value added of gycerline/

gycerline/small CPO extraction unit

R&D BTL / BHD Promote BTL and/or BHD, seaweed

R&D
R&D biodiesel production from seaweed R&D Alternative feed stock for biodiesel production

ZERO waste of Jatropha for biodiesel production 66

Raw Material Potential
 Biodiesel Production

Permitted
Material Plant Total cap.
(Ml/day)

1 CPO/RBD PO 4 2.36
2 Palm Stearine 5 2.35

3 CPO/RBD PO /Palm 5 1.30

Stearine
Total 14 6.01

Existing B100 plants

4 CPO/
CPO/RBD Currently (Dec. 10)
5 Palm Stearine 14 existing plants total installed cap. 6.01 Ml/day
CPO/RBD/Stearine
5 CPO/
-CPO/RBD 4 Plants Cap. 2.36 Ml/d

-Palm Stearine 5 Plants Cap. 2.35 Ml/day

- CPO/RBD/Palm Stearine 5 Plants Cap. 1.20 Ml/day

68
 Biodiesel Volume Sale (Nov.10)

• B5 Volume Sale 19.04 ML/day (B100 0. 952 ML/day)

• Diesel (B3) Volume Sale 33.59 ML/day (B100 1.008 ML/day)
• Total volume of B100 1.960 ML/day

69
Hydrogen
 Hydrogen

Comparison of Energy content in various fuels

Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen
Value Chain
 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell R&D
Hydrogen From Biomass From Biogas
By Pyrolysis + By Steam reformation
Production Gasifier
Yield H2 > 40%
Yield H2 > 40% Cap. 50 L/Day
From NG
By Steam Cap. 33 L/Day
reformation
Cap. 50 L/Day

2548 2551

2549 2550
Bipolar
Plate
Auto rickshaws (Fuel cell)
Membrane
fuel cell size 5 kW
Catalyst
Gas Hydrogen Tank
diffusion แผงชัน้ เซลล์เชือเพลิง้
การจัดวางอุปกรณ์
ระบบจัดการความร้อนและน้า้
เซลล์เชื้อเพลิง - Size 2
ถังไฮโดรเจน

Study of Compositionmedia ชุดควบคุม

cu.m มอเตอร์

in FC and Control DC-AC มอเตอร์

- Capacity of H2 280
ชุดแบตเตอรี่

system inverter g. HCNG Car

Cooling Mix H2 and NG
Fuel Cell & system and Fuel Consumption
Application Control Rate Ratio > 15 %
system 8 g(H2)/km.
73
 Renewable Development
Barriers

Barriers and difficulties

1. Need high investment;
2. Lack of supports from financial institutes;
3. Fuel supply stability and management esp. bio-fuels;
4. Protest of biomass power plant development;
5. Unattractive of Adder cost;
6. Inadequate capacity of transmission line and high
cost of grid connection;
7. Long process for getting power purchase concession;
8. Obstruction of Law and/or regulation.

74
 Conclusion

• Need government supports to drive biomass

utilization i.e.
o Policy direction or law;
o Measures and tools.
• Avoid bottom necks of biomass development
i.e. biomass supply,
- access to grid network,
- technology available, etc..
• Participation of community or public will be a
key success factor.
 Thank you

“We commit to the stability of

energy development”

Department of Alternative Energy Development and

Efficiency (DEDE) Ministry of Energy
17 Rama 1 Road, Patumwan Bangkok 10330
www.dede.go.th

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