U N IT -I

SYLLABUS : UNIT-I
• Industrial Safety:
• Accident : Ca u se s , Types, Results and Control
• Mechanical and Electrical hazards
• Types, C au se s and Preventive steps/procedure
• Describe salient points of Factories Act 1948 for Health
and Safety
• Wash rooms, drinking water layouts, light, cleanliness,
fire, guarding, pressure vessels, etc
• Safety color codes .
• Fire prevention and firefighting, equipment and methods
Industrial Safety
• All the industrial organisation s h ave the responsibility to ensure
the
Safety and Health of the employees and people living around
the
industrial area are to be taken care and protected from exposure
to chemical pollutants and effluents from the factories.
• The thousand of industrial accidents every year caused the realization of
the importance of industrial safety with technological advancement
in manufacturing.
• The dangers of h u m an life are increasing day by day. In order to
avoid
accidents , employees must be aware of industrial safety principles
& danger areas of that industry.
• Because of safety first rule, all industrial personals must be
trained
enough about safety aspects of ma n , machines, and material &
other infrastructure facilities for avoiding minor or major accidents.
• Safety is the first requirement and every industrial employee must learn
Industrial Safety - Reasons
• The following are some reasons why Industrial safety is necessary:
• For the safety of people in their workplaces
• For protecting the environment against damage from industrial accidents
• For protecting businesses against serious losses from damage to
plant and machinery
• For eliminating accidents causing work stoppage and production loss.
• For creating awareness of the good practices available for the delivery of effective
safety instrumented systems
• For providing basic training in well-established techniqu es for
engineering of safety systems
• For assisting engineers and technicians to support and participate in the safety
systems activities at their work with good background knowledge of the subject
• For being aware of what can go wrong and how to avoid it
Industrial Safety - Objectives
The objectives of industrial safety systems are as follows:
• Industrial safety is needed to check all the possible chances of
accidents for preventing loss of life and permanent disability of any
industrial employee, any damage to machine and material.
• It is needed to eliminate accidents causing work stoppage and
production loss.
• It is needed to reduce workman’s compensation, insurance rate,
and all the cost of accidents.
• It is needed to achieve better morale among industrial employees.
• It is needed to increase production means to a higher standard of
living.
• It is needed to prevent accidents in the industry by reducing any
hazards.
Industrial Safety - Planning
• In industries, the no. of fire hazards, accidents, industrial disasters
may be reduced through careful safety planning.
• Some important consideration s for industrial safety are
the following:
• Proper Plant Layout
• Proper Fire Prevention system
• Health & Hygiene
• Proper Safety Training
• Proper Alarms and Warning Systems
• Appropriate sensors and safety gears for employees
• Sufficient lighting in the work area as well as the pathways
• Cleanliness & dryness of shop floor
• Proper pressure gauges and other safety equipment
• Electrically insulation
• Proper signboards for safety instructions
Industrial Safety – Sources of Accidents
• Low light machine operation areas.
• Revolving parts like pullies, flywheels, wheels, fans, gears, gear trains,
gear wheels, etc.
• Intermittent feed mechanisms like tool feed of planer, table feed of a
shaper, ram feed of power presses, and similar other applications.
• Revolving shafts, spindles, bars, mandrels, c hucks, followers, and tools
like drills, taps, reamers, milling cutters, and boring tools, etc.
• Rotating worms and spirals enclosed in casings, s uc h as in conveyors
and revolving cutting tools, like milling cutters, circular saw blade, saw
band, circular shears, and grinding wheels, etc.
• Reciprocating tools and dies of power presses, spring hammer, drop
hammers, and reciprocating presses, knives, and saw blade s u c h bow
saw, shearing and perforating machines and the cutting and trimming
machine and power hacksaws, etc.
Gear Trains Flywheels

Shaper Machine power presses

Milling Cutters Rotating worms
Drop Hammer
Industrial Safety – Sources of Accidents
• Electrical wires, switches, motors & control panels. Oily & wet and dirty
shop floor.
• Moving weights, su c h as in hydraulic ac c um u lator or in
machines
slotting for counter-balance.
• Nips between racks and pinions of machine parts
• Nips between reciprocating parts and fixed components, s uc h as between
shaper table and the fixture mounted on it or a planer table and
table reversing stops, etc.
• Nips between crank handle for machine controls and fixed parts.
• Projecting sharp edge or nips of belt and chain drives; via a belt, pulleys,
chains sprockets, and belt fasteners, etc.
• Cutting edges of endless band cutting machines, woodworking, and
log
cutting metal find stone-cutting band saws, cloth-cutting band
knives, etc.
• Pressure containers like pneumatic cylinders, boilers, etc.
 stone-cutting saws chains sprockets

cloth-cutting band knives

Industrial Safety – Accidents Types

ACC I D E N T S AND THEIR TY P E S : There are various types of

common accidents as follows:
• Near : Accidents with no damage or injury are called
near- accidents.
• Trivial : An accident with very little damage is called trivial.
• Minor : It is an accident with dam age and injury more
than trivial.
• Serious : An accident with heavy damage and a lot of injuries
is called Serious Accidents.
• Fatal : It is an accident with very heavy dam age. There
may be a loss of lives also
3 C AU S E S O F ACC I D E N TS

• The accidents may take place due to the three

following causes:
• H u m a n C a us es

• Mechanical Ca use s

• Environmental C a use s
 C AU S E S O F ACC I D E N TS
H u m a n C a us e s
• Operating or working at an unsafe speed.

• Working on unsafe or dangerous equipment or machinery.

• Operating machines without knowledge, without safety precaution s ,

or without safety devices.
• Working for a long duration of work.

• Use of improper tools.

• Working with mental worries, ignorance, carelessness,

nervousness, dreaming, etc.
 C AU S E S O F ACC I D E N TS
Mechanical C aus e s

• Use of unguarded or improper guarded machines or equipment.

• The use of old, poorly maintained or unsafe equipment may result

in accidents.

• Improper material handling system and improper plant layout.

• Not using safety devices s uch as helmets, goggles, gloves,

ma sk s, etc.
 C AU S E S O F ACC I D E N TS
Environmental Ca us e s

• Working at improper temperature and humidity cau ses fatigue to

the workers for chances of accidents.

• The presence of dust fumes and smoke in the working area.

• Poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits, bad plant layout, etc.

• Inadequate illumination.

• Improper ventilation may also lead to industrial accidents.

• Lack of cleanliness.
 Scope of Industrial Safety training for workers
• Understanding of the Importance of Workplace Safety instructions Workers, machine operators,
and other employees should need to know & understand all the safety instructions. They should also
understand how a work-related injury can affect their lives. Safety instructions boards must be
placed in an appropriate location in order to everybody who enters the workplace can read it first.

• Identifying Workplace Hazards There are a lot of visible and hidden hazards that can cause
accidents. So every worker or employee should need to have a concrete understanding of the types of
hazards that exist in the workplace and how to recognize them. Key hazards include machinery;
spares, vehicles; electrical hazards; noise, chemicals, stress, and ergonomic hazards, which can all
be presented in a visible or hidden form.

• Understand How to Reduce Risk Every machine operator or worker must be trained to reduce
accident risk. They should learn to connect hazards and hazard controls, like sensors, alarms,
machine guards, and fire extinguishers. They should always use personal protective equipment like
safety shoes, glasses, gloves, etc.
 Scope of Industrial Safety training for workers
• How to React in an Emergency Even if all of the other hazards they may be exposed to
are adequately controlled, workers may face emergencies at work right alongside their non-
disabled coworkers. They need to know how to recognize an emergency and must be
trained in emergency procedures.

• Responsibilities at Work Every employee and workers need to know that they are
responsible for knowing and following all safety and health rules and safe work practices,
reporting all injuries, using the safety gear that’s provided for them, and reporting any
unsafe conditions that they see.

• Reporting the Problems at Work Once they know how to identify workplace hazards or
other safety-related problems, employees must share that information with a responsible
officer like a supervisor other individuals who are responsible for solving safety problems.
• E a c h piece of machinery has its own unique mechanical and
non-mechanical hazards. Machines can cause severe injuries;
amputations, fractures, lacerations or crushing injuries.
Machines can also cause minor injuries su ch as bruises,
abrasions, sprains, strains, burns or cuts.
• Hazardous Motions—including rotating machine parts,
reciprocating motions (sliding parts or up/down motion),
and transverse motions (materials moving in a continuous
line).
• Points of Operation—the areas where the machine cuts,
shapes, bores or forms the stock being fed through it.
• Pinch Points and Shear Points—areas where a part of the
body can be caught between a moving part and a
stationary object.
 Mechanical Hazards
Common Mechanical injuries
•Fracture: Fracture is the medical term for a broken bone. It can be classified as
simple, compound or complete fracture.
•Puncturing/Stabbing: Puncturing results when a n object penetrates straight
into the body and pulls straight out, creating a wound in the shape of the
penetrating object.
•Straining and spraining: A strain results when muscles are overstretched or torn.
Strains and sprains can cause swelling and intense pain.
• Impact: Being hit by ejected parts of the machinery or equipment
• Friction and abrasion: A section of the skin being rub away by the machine.
• Entrapment: Being caught in a moving part of a machine or equipment or plant.
• Crushing: Collision of plant with a person can result to crushing.
• Shear: C a n be two moving parts (sharp or otherwise) moving across one another.
•High pressure injection: This is an injury caused by high-pressure injection of
oil, grease, diesel fuel, gasoline, solvents, water, or even air, into the body.
• Cut: Severing of a h u m a n body part by a cutting motion e.g. amputation
 Mechanical Hazards
Managing Mechanical Hazards
• All hazards associated with the use of machinery can be managed by adopting safe work procedures
and the application of appropriate safeguards.
• Safeguarding helps to minimize the risk of accidents from machine by forming a barrier which
protect the operator or other persons from the equipment hazards point/danger area.
Types of machine guards
• Fixed guards: Fixed guard is a permanent part of the machine. It is not dependent upon moving
parts to function. It may be constructed of sheet metal, screen, wire cloth, bars, plastic, or any other
material that is substantial enough to withstand whatever impact it may receive and to endure
prolonged use.
• Interlocked guards: S h u t down the m achine when the guard is not securely in place or
is disengaged. The main advantage of this type of guard is that it allows safe access to the machine
• Adjustable guards: Provide a barrier against a variety of different hazards associated with different
production operations. They have the advantage of flexibility. However, they are not dependable
barrier as other guards, and they require frequent maintenance and careful adjustment.
• Self adjusting guard: The openings of these barriers are determined by the movement of the stock.
As the operator moves the stock into the danger area, the guard is pushed away, providing an
opening which is only large enough to admit the stock. After the stock is removed, the guard returns
to the rest position. This guard protects the operator by placing a barrier between the danger area
and the operator.
Fixed guards are suitable for
many specific applications, can
be constructed in-plant, require
little maintenance & suitable for
high-productio n , repetitive
operations.

Disadvantages can include

limited visibility, limitation to
specific operations & inhibiting
normal cleaning and
maintenance.
Interlocked guards shut down the
machine if not securely in place, or if
they are disengaged. – Allows safe
access to remove jams or to conduct
routine maintenance without taking
off the guard

These guards require careful

adjustment and maintenance and, in
some cases, can be easily disengaged.
Adjustable guards provide a barrier
against a variety of hazards that are
associated with different production
operations. – Advantage is flexibility.

They do not provide as dependable a

barrier as other guards do, and require
frequent maintenance & careful
adjustment.
Self-adjusting guards serve the same
purpose as adjustable guards, but
automatically adapt to the size of the
material.
When the machine is at rest, these
guards sit all the way down. When the
machine is in use, the operator feeds
material into the machine, which
opens the guard just enough to let the
material in.
These guards are commonly found on
table saws and woodworking tools
Photoelectric devices are optical devices
that shut down the machine whenever the
light field is broken.

Limitations include:
– They do not protect against mechanical failure.
– They require frequent calibration.
–They can be used only with machines that can
be stopped.
–They do not protect workers from parts
that might fly out of the point-of-operation area.
Radio-frequency devices are
capacitance devices that stop
the machine if the capacitance
field is interrupted by a
worker’s body or another
object.

With the same limitations as

photoelectric devices.
Pullback devices utilize a series of
cables attached to the operator's hands,
wrists, and/or arms. This type of device
is primarily used on machines with
stroking action.

When the slide/ram is up between

cycles, the operator is allowed access to
the point of operation. When the
slide/ram begins to cycle by starting its
descent, a mechanical linkage
automatically assures withdrawal of the
hands from the point of operation.

When the slide/ram is in the "up"

position, the operator can feed material
by hand into the point of operation.
When the press cycle is actuated, the
operator's hands and arms are
automatically withdrawn.
The restraint (holdout) device uses cables
or straps that are attached to the
operator's hands and a fixed point. The
cables or straps must be adjusted to let
the operator's hands travel within a
predetermined safe area. There is no
extending or retracting action involved.

Consequently, hand-feeding tools are often

necessary if the operation involves placing
material into the danger area.
Safety trip controls provide a quick means
for deactivating the machine in an emergency
situation.
A pressure-sensitive body bar, when
depressed, will deactivate the machine. If the
operator or anyone trips, loses balance, or is
drawn toward the machine, applying
pressure to the bar will stop the operation.
The positioning of the bar, therefore, is
critical. It must stop the machine before a
part of the employee's body reaches the
danger area. The figure here shows a
pressure-sensitive body bar located on the
front of a rubber mill.
Two-Hand Control Devices
The two-hand control requires constant,
concurrent pressure by the operator to
activate the machine. (figure 1) This kind of
control requires a part-revolution clutch,
brake, and a brake monitor if used on a
power press. With this type of device, the
operator's hands are required to be at a safe
location (on control buttons) and at a safe
distance from the danger area while the
machine completes its closing cycle.
Gates
The gate is a moveable barrier that protects the operator at the point of operation before the
machine cycle can be started. Type "A" and "B" Gates (See below) are commonly used with
presses and, in many instances, designed to be operated with each machine cycle.
To be effective, the gate must be interlocked so that the machine will not begin a cycle
unless the gate is in place. It must be in the closed position before the machine can
function. If the gate is not permitted to descend to the fully closed position, the press will
not function. Operators must be prevented from placing their hands or any other body parts
in the point of operation during the die-closing portion of the press stroke.
Another potential application of this type of guard is where the gate is a component of a
perimeter safeguarding system. Here the gate may provide protection not only to the
operator but to pedestrian traffic as well.
• Electricity is essential to modern life, both at home and on the job.
It ha s become su ch a familiar part of our daily life. However,
we
tend to overlook the hazards electricity poses and fail to treat
it
with the respect it deserves. Electricity is often referred to as
a
“silent killer”, because it cannot be tasted, seen, heard, or
smelled. It is essentially invisible.
• The hazardshazard
significant associated with the use
particularly of electricity
when mishandled can affect
or not
an y
maintained. Electricity has long been recognized as a serious
workplace
one. Many hazard,
electrical exposing
devices, sucemployees to electric
h as hot plates, stirrers, shock,
electrocution
vacuum p u m pburns, fires and
s , lasers, explosions.
microwave S p arks water
ovens, from electrical
equipment
heaters, can
etc. , serve
can as ana ignition source for flam mable or
pose
explosive vapours. Even loss of electrical power can result in
extremely hazardous situation, For example, flammable or toxic
vapours may be released as a chemical warms when a refrigerator
or freezer fails.
 Electrical Hazards
• The dangers associated with the use of electricity may be classified
as:
• Injury from direct contact:
– Injury by shock.
– Injury from internal burns.
• Injury without current flow through body:
– Direct burns from electric arcs, spattered molten metal, etc.
– Radiation burns from very heavy arcs.
– Physical injury from false starting of machine, failure of crane
controls,
explosion of switchgear, etc.
– Injury from fire and explosion from electric ignition of flammable
vapours, gases, liquids and solids.
– Eye injury from electric arcs,
• Eye injury from current flow induced in or near the h u ma n body by
intense electric magnetic fields:
– Injury from elevation of whole body temperature.
– Local injury s uc h as cataract formation in the eye.
– Burns due to metallic objects su c h as rings, dental metal in close
contact with local part of body.
 Electrical Hazards
• Electrical shock occurs either when an individual
comes in contact with:
• both wires of an electric circuit,
• one wire of an energized circuit and the ground,
• a metallic part that accidentally becomes energized by
contact with an electrical conductor
• The severity and effects of an electrical shock depends
on a numbers of factors, su c h as;
• The path of the current through the body
• The amount of current flowing through the body
• The length of the time of the exposure and
• Whether the skin is wet or dry.
 Electrical Hazards
Current Level
mA ( In Symptoms
milliamperes)
Perception level. Slight tingling sensation. Still dangerous under certain conditions
1 mA (water / wet conditions)
Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average person can let go. However,
5 mA strong involuntary reactions to shocks in this ranges may lead to injuries (Muscular
contraction can prevent the victim from getting free)

Painful shock, muscular control is lost. This is called the freezing current or “let –
6 – 30 mA go” range
Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, Severe muscular contractions.* Individual cannot
50 – 150 mA let – go. Death is possible
100 mA –
3 Seconds Ventricular fibrillation (the rhythmic pumping action of the heart ceases )

200 mA – 1
Second Ventricular fibrillation

1000 mA – 4300 Ventricular fibrillation. Muscular contraction and nerve damage occur, Death is
mA most likely
10,000 mA Cardiac arrest. Severe burns and probable death
 Electrical Hazards
• Electricity travels at the speed of light. At 3,00,000 K m per
second, you are not given the slightest warring: there is no
time to react. The rescue of electrical shock victims depend
on prompt action.
• In case of electrical shock, the following steps are to be taken
immediately:
– S h u t off the voltage at once.
– Do not make direct contact with any part of the victim’s
body with any part of your body.
– Try to free the victim from live conductor by using a dry piece
of wood or dry plastic or wooden broom or dry clothing or
other non conducting material.
– Determine the victim is breathing.
– If the victim is not breathing, apply cardiopulmonary resus
citation (CPR) and First- Aid without any delay
 Electrical Hazards
• In case of electrical shock, the following First – Aid should
be given to the victim:
– Cool the burn with running water.
– Cover the victim with a blanket.
– Do not attempt to remove burned clothing.
– Do not apply ice or any other ointment or cotton
dressing to the burn.
– Handle the victim with care.
– Keep the victim from moving.
– Treat for shock.
– Maintain body temperature.
– Do not give anything by month.
– Call for emergency medical attention.
 Electrical Hazards
Common Electrical Hazards Common Electrical Hazards

• Faulty or Damaged Wiring • Incorrectly placed Electrical

• Overloading Circuits Cords

• Use of Extension Cords • Loose Fitting Plugs

• Water Spill on Electrical • Overhead Power Lines

Devices • Exposed Electrical Parts

• Improper Grounding • Damaged Insulation

Arc Flash
 Electrical Hazards
• An Arc Flash is a phenomenon where a flashover of electric
current leaves its intended path and travels through the air
from one conductor to another, or to ground.
• The results are often violent and when a h u m a n is in close
proximity to the arc flash, serious injury and even death can
occur.
• Arc Flash can be caused by many things including:
• Du st
• Dropping tools
• Accidental touching
• Condensation
• Material failure
• Corrosion
• Faulty Installation
 Electrical Hazards
• Typical Results from an Arc Flash :
• Burns (Non FR clothing can burn onto skin)
• Fire (could spread rapidly through building)
• Flying objects (often molten metal)
• Blast pressure (upwards of 2,000 lbs. / sq.ft)
• Sound Blast (noise can reach 140 dB – loud as a gun)
• Heat (upwards of 35,000 degrees F)
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding https://www.toppr.com/guides/fundament
als-of-laws-and-ethics/the-factories-
• Section 17: Lighting act/health-measures-in-factories-act-1948/
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Every factory need to keep itself clean and free from effluvia arising from any
drain, privy or other nuisance.
• Accumulation of dirt and refuse should be removed daily by any effective method
from the floors of workrooms and from staircases and passages and disposed of
in a suitable and efficient manner.
• In case the floor is subject to become wet during the working time, then they
should take proper drainage process or steps.
• Clean the worker’s floor every week with proper disinfectant or any other effective
method of cleaning.
• Paint or repaint walls, ceilings, and staircases of the factory once in every 5
years.
• Repaint the walls once in every 3 years in case of washable water paints.
• Paint and varnish all doors and window-frames and other wooden or metallic
framework and shutters at least once in a period of 5 years.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D ust and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes

• It is necessary for the factories to arrange proper and

effective waste treatment and its disposal.

• The State Government may make rules prescribing the

arrangements for the disposal and treatment of waste
and effluents.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Effective and suitable provisions should be made in every
factory for securing and maintaining in every workroom
proper ventilation by circulation of fresh air.
• It also involves providing an adequate temperature at the
workplace. For this, they should select the material of the
walls accordingly.
• The State Government may prescribe a standard of
adequate ventilation and reasonable temperature for any
factory or class or description of factories.
• Lastly, if it appears to the Chief Inspector that excessively
high temperature in any factory can be reduced by the
adoption of suitable measures, he can order them to use
suc h a method.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: Dust and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 14: Dust and Fume
• If dust and fume release in the manufacturing process of
a factory then they should take effective measures to
prevent its inhalation and accumulation in the workplace.
For this, they should use proper exhaust appliances in
the workplace.
• In any factory, no stationary internal combustion engine
shall be operated unless the exhaust is conducted into
the open air.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• In respect of all factories in which the humidity of the
air artificially increases, the Government may make
rules :
• Firstly, prescribing standards of humidification;
• Secondly, regulating the methods used for artificially
increasing the humidity of the air;
• directing tests for determining the humidity of the air for correct
carrying out and recording.
• Lastly, prescribing methods for securing adequate
• 2. ventilation
In any and coolingin
factory of the air in the
which the workrooms. of the air
artificially increases, they should purify
humidity the water
(drinking water) before the supply.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 16: Overcrowding
• Firstly, no room in any factory shall be overcrowded to an
extent injurious to the health of the workers employed
therein.
• Secondly, a factory built after the commencement of this
Act at least 14.2 cubic meters of space for every worker
employed therein, and for the purposes of this
subsection, no account shall be taken of any space which
is more than 4.2 meters above the level of the floor of the
room.
• If the Chief Inspector by order in writing, may or may not
post a notice specifying the maximum number of workers
who may be employed in the room.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 17: Lighting
• Firstly, There should be proper lighting in all the places of
the factory from where the workers of the factory pass.
• In every factory, effective provision shall, so far as
is practicable, be made for the prevention of-
• glare, either directly from a source of light or by reflection from
a smooth or polished surface;
• the formation of shadows to s uch an extent as to cause
eye- strain or the risk of accident to any worker.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 18: Drinking Water
• This section states that in every factory, there should be
proper arrangements for a sufficient supply of wholesome
drinking water and shall be legibly marked as “drinking
water”.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 19: Latrines and Urinals

• This states that everyfactory shou ld make

section of latrine and urinals for the
arrangements
employees and the rules are laid down by the State
Government in this behalf.
 Salient points of Factories Act 1948
for Health and Safety
• Section 11: Cleanliness in every factory
• Section 12: Disposal of effluents and wastes
• Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature
• Section 14: D u st and Fume
• Section 15: Artificial Humidification
• Section 16: Overcrowding
• Section 17: Lighting
• Section 18: Drinking Water
• Section 19: Latrines and Urinals
• Section 20: Spittoons
 Section 20: Spittoons

• There should be a sufficient number of spittoons in the

factories for the employees and they should be in clean
and hygienic condition according to this law.
• Color coding in the workplace mainly concerns the safety
and disaster preparedness of the workforce.
• The concept consists of assigning different colors to
indicate various risks, dangers, and safety hazards either
up-close or from a distance (even when vision is
compromised and reading safety signs could be difficult).
• Color coding is often considered an essential safety
measure in the workplace and has proven to be effective
in terms of instantaneous recognition of different safety
hazards denoted by various safety colors
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
and American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
updates the color codes for industrial safety guidelines.
 Safety Color Codes
• Color-coding requirements for physical hazards
are as indicated below:
• The color red is assigned to fire protection equipment
to facilitate immediate identification.
• Red must also be used to indicate buttons or switches
for shutting down machinery in an emergency
situation.
• Red must additionally be used to indicate containers
with flammable liquids that are appropriately labeled
with painted yellow lettering.
• Orange signs serve as a warning for risks and hazards
that are not as severe or immediate as red signs.
 Safety Color Codes
• Yellow denotes a need for added caution, and signs painted yellow
serve to prevent injuries and accidents in the workplace. The color
yellow often denotes physical risks suc h as striking against,
stumbling, tripping, falling, and getting caught in between.
• Green indicates the need for emergency evacuations in certain
circumstances. The color green be used to indicate the location
that safety equipment and supplies are stored in the workplace.
• The color purple largely pertains to radiation hazards
• Fluorescent orange or red-orange signs indicate various biohazards
presented by contact with toxic chemicals in industrial settings.
• Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between
oxygen and fuel.
• Slow combustion eg: cotton waste burning
• Rapid combustion eg: petroleum product
• Spontaneous combustion eg: paint, scrap
• The effect of fire on people take the form of skin burns .
• Fire can take several different forms inclu ding jet
fires, pool fires and boiling liquid expanding vapour
explosion.
 Fire Hazards - Sources
• Hot surfaces
• Combustible and flammable liquids
• Heat utilization equipments (over heating)
• Chemical process equipments
• Lightening
• G a s cylinders
• Ovens and furnaces
• Reactor
Fire Triangle
• Welding and cutting
• Spark from metal to metal contact
• Carelessness
 Fire Hazards - Equipments
• Extinguishers – using water, dry chemical powder, foam, carbon dioxide,
or other substances
• Fire fighter’s gear – fire resistant outer suit, inner lining suit, inner and
outer gloves, woolen socks, fire resistant shoes, helmet (with or without
headlight), communication system, and breathing apparatus
• Installed fire fighting system –•main water supply network, hydrant,
sprinkler (automatic or manual), emergency fuel and electric cut off
system, portable generators, and portable pumps
• Communication equipment – walkie-talkie, radio, broadcasts, landline
telephone, sound powered telephone, cell or mobile phone, and voice pipe
• Fire detection and alarm systems – smoke, frame, spark detectors,
local, centralized automatic, semi-automatic, and manual fire alarm
systems
• Other accessories – water and sand bucket, shovel, hammer, fire axe,
cutters, hooks, fire blanket, emergency lifesaving apparatus, and
emergency lights
THANK
YOU
!!!