Chain Rule
Chain Rule
Chain Rule
Topic :
Chain Rule
The chain rule seems to have first been used by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He
used it to calculate the derivative of square root of ( a+bz+cz² ) as the composite
of the square root function and the function ( a+bz+cz² ) . He first mentioned it in
a 1676 memoir (with a sign error in the calculation). The common notation of
chain rule is due to Leibniz.[1] Guillaume de l'Hôpital used the chain rule
implicitly in his(Analyse des infiniment petits) The chain rule does not appear in
any of Leonhard Euler's analysis books, even though they were written over a
hundred years after Leibniz's discovery.
Chain Rule for Ordinary derivative of
one Variable
Difference between derivative and differential:
Defination of chain rule for one variable:
Version of chain rule from composite function is:
if z=f(y) and y=g(x),then
dz/dx=f’(y).g’(x) or dz/dy.dy/dx
Two formulas of chain rule for one variable:
Formulas:
1st Formula: d/dx.(f(u))=f’(u).du/dx
2nd Formula: dy/dx=dy/du.du/dx
Example:
Find the derivative of (x^3+1)^9 with respect to x by using Chain rule:
Chain rule for Ordinary Derivative
For 2 variables
z=f(x,y)
Where x=t and y=t
Let z=f(x,y) be a Function of two variables x and y, z is differentiable of x
and y where x=x(t), y=y(t) are differentiable at ‘t’. So z is also
differentiable at which is given by
dz/dt= x + x
Called chain Rule for ordinary Derivative.
Example
1: Use the chain rule to find , z = 3 , x = , =
w=f(x,y,z)
Where x=t , y=t and z=t
Let w=f(x,y,z) be a Function of three variables x,y and z, w is differentiable of
x,y and z where x=x(t), y=y(t) and z=z(t) are differentiable at ‘t’. So w is also
differentiable at which is given by
dw/dt= x + x + x
Is called chain rule for 3 variables.
Example
1 : Find w = 5 , x = , y = , z =
2 : Find , w = ln (3-2y ) , x = , y = , z =
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)
Engineering example:
A large water tank is emptying with water. The volume of water leaving the
tank is modelled by equation,
dv/dt =3e^-0.0025t
An engineer wants to know how the height of water changes with time. The radius of water
tank is 8m. Using the chain rule find an expression of t for the rate at which water leaves the
water tank. Height of water changes with time,
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)
dx/dt=0.1
(a) dA/dt=dA/dx X dx/dt = (12x) x (0.1)12cm^2/sec A=6x^2 | dA/dx=12x
(b) dV/dt=dV/dx X dx/dt= (3x^2) x (0.1) V=x^3 |dV/dx=3x^2
dV/dt=3(10 )^2 (0.1) (x=10)
History of Partial Derivative
Legendre (1786).
Differential geometry :
Tangent planes and Normal lines
3 D effects and visualization
Error approximations
Error Aproximation
Approximation error
The approximation error in some data is the discrepancy between an exact
value and some approximation to it. An approximation error can occur
because: the measurement of the data is not precise due to the instruments.
or approximations are used instead of the real data.
Example:
The radius of a right circular cylinder is measured with an error of at most 2% and hight
is measured with an error of at most 4%. Aproximate the maximum percentage error in
the volume V.
Thanks