Chain Rule

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Presentation # 1

Topic :
Chain Rule

MUHAMMAD UMAR RAZA 18251598-022


MUHAMMAD REHAN 18251598-024
ABDUL MANAN 18251598-025
SHAHZAIB SHAKEEL CHEEMA 18251598-031
Derivative
 In mathematics, the derivative is a way to show rate of
change: that is, the amount by which a function is changing
at one given point. For functions that act on the real
numbers, it is the slope of the tangent line at a point on a
graph. The derivative is often written using "dy over dx"
(meaning the difference in y divided by the difference in x).
The d is not a variable, and therefore cannot be cancelled
out.
 The derivative can be expressed as: dy / dx
Chain Rule
 What is Chain Rule ?
 In calculus, the chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more functions. That is,
if f and g are functions, then the chain rule expresses the derivative of their composition f ∘ g (the function which maps x to f(g(x))
) in terms of the derivatives of f and g and the product of functions as follows:
(f o g)’ = (f’ o g) . g’
This may equivalently be expressed in terms of the variable. Let F = f ∘ g, or equivalently, F(x) = f(g(x)) for
all x. Then one can also write
F'(x)=f'(g(x))g'(x).
The chain rule may be written in Leibniz's notation in the following way. If a variable z depends on the
variable y, which itself depends on the variable x, so that y and z are therefore dependent variables, then z,
via the intermediate variable of y, depends on x as well. The chain rule then states,
dy/dx = dy/dt . dt/dx
The two versions of the chain rule are related; if z=f(y) and y=g(x), then
dy/dx = dy/dt . dt/dx = f'(y)g'(x) = f'(g(x))g'(x).
History of Chain Rule

 The chain rule seems to have first been used by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He
used it to calculate the derivative of square root of ( a+bz+cz² ) as the composite
of the square root function and the function ( a+bz+cz² ) . He first mentioned it in
a 1676 memoir (with a sign error in the calculation). The common notation of
chain rule is due to Leibniz.[1] Guillaume de l'Hôpital used the chain rule
implicitly in his(Analyse des infiniment petits) The chain rule does not appear in
any of Leonhard Euler's analysis books, even though they were written over a
hundred years after Leibniz's discovery.
Chain Rule for Ordinary derivative of
one Variable
 Difference between derivative and differential:
 Defination of chain rule for one variable:
 Version of chain rule from composite function is:
 if z=f(y) and y=g(x),then
 dz/dx=f’(y).g’(x) or dz/dy.dy/dx
 Two formulas of chain rule for one variable:
 Formulas:
 1st Formula: d/dx.(f(u))=f’(u).du/dx
 2nd Formula: dy/dx=dy/du.du/dx
 Example:
Find the derivative of (x^3+1)^9 with respect to x by using Chain rule:
Chain rule for Ordinary Derivative

 For 2 variables
z=f(x,y)
Where x=t and y=t
Let z=f(x,y) be a Function of two variables x and y, z is differentiable of x
and y where x=x(t), y=y(t) are differentiable at ‘t’. So z is also
differentiable at which is given by
dz/dt= x + x
Called chain Rule for ordinary Derivative.
Example
1: Use the chain rule to find , z = 3 , x = , =

2: Use the chain rule to find , z = xy , x = , y =


For 3 Variable

w=f(x,y,z)
Where x=t , y=t and z=t
Let w=f(x,y,z) be a Function of three variables x,y and z, w is differentiable of
x,y and z where x=x(t), y=y(t) and z=z(t) are differentiable at ‘t’. So w is also
differentiable at which is given by
dw/dt= x + x + x
Is called chain rule for 3 variables.
Example
1 : Find w = 5 , x = , y = , z =

2 : Find , w = ln (3-2y ) , x = , y = , z =
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)

 Engineering example:
A large water tank is emptying with water. The volume of water leaving the
tank is modelled by equation,
dv/dt =3e^-0.0025t
An engineer wants to know how the height of water changes with time. The radius of water
tank is 8m. Using the chain rule find an expression of t for the rate at which water leaves the
water tank. Height of water changes with time,
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)

Volume of tank =v= dv/dt=dv/dh x dh/dt


dv/dt=3e^-0.0025t 3e^-0.0025t=64 x dh/dt
Height of water w.r.t time= dh/dt= ? Dh/dt=3e^-0.0025t/64
Find chain rule for r,h,t dh/dt=0.0149e^-0.0025t
V=r^2h
dv/dh==(8)^2=64
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)

For the rate at which height changes at 10 seconds


dh/dt=0.0149e^-0.0025t
dh/dt=0.0149e^0.0025(10) (t=10)
dh/dt=0.0145m/s
dh/dt=1.45cm/s
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)

Area and volume of cube:


A cube is being increased in size such that the length of each edge
is increasing at 0.1cm/sec. find the rate at which
(a) the surface area
(b) the volume
of the cube is increasing when the side length is 10cm.
Application of chain rule (Ordinary derivative)

dx/dt=0.1
(a) dA/dt=dA/dx X dx/dt = (12x) x (0.1)12cm^2/sec A=6x^2 | dA/dx=12x
(b) dV/dt=dV/dx X dx/dt= (3x^2) x (0.1) V=x^3 |dV/dx=3x^2
dV/dt=3(10 )^2 (0.1) (x=10)
History of Partial Derivative

 What was the need of partial derivative ?


 Its is denoted by ∂z/∂x .
 First known uses of this symbol in mathematics is by Marquis de Condorcet

(1770), who used it for partial differences.

 The modern partial derivative notation was created by Adrien-Marie

Legendre (1786).

 Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi reintroduced the symbol again in 1841.


Partial Derivative
 A derivative of a function of two or more variables with respect to one
variable ,the other being treated as constant.
 Symbol:
 It is represented by.
 Chain rule for partial derivative w.r.t 2 variables:-
Let z=f (x ,y) be function of two variables x and y , z is differentiable at x and y where
x=x(u,v) ,y=y(u,v) are differentiable at u,v so z is also differentiable at u,v is called chain rule for
partial variables w.r.t two variable.which is given by:
 Formula:-
For example:-
Use appropriate form of chain rule to find where
Z=8y-2x+3y; x=u/v; y=uv .
 Chain rule for partial derivative w.r.t three variables:-
Let t=f (x,y,z) be function of three variables x, y and z , t is differentiable at x, y and z where
X=x(u,v)
Y=y(u,v)
Z=z(u,v)
Are differentiable at u,v so t is also differentiable at u,v which is given by
 Formula:-
For example:-

 Use appropriate form of chain rule to find , where t=;x=sinv, y=cosv, z= .


Applications of Partial Derivatives

 Differential geometry :
Tangent planes and Normal lines
3 D effects and visualization
 Error approximations
Error Aproximation
Approximation error
The approximation error in some data is the discrepancy between an exact
value and some approximation to it. An approximation error can occur
because: the measurement of the data is not precise due to the instruments.
or approximations are used instead of the real data.

Example:
The radius of a right circular cylinder is measured with an error of at most 2% and hight
is measured with an error of at most 4%. Aproximate the maximum percentage error in
the volume V.
Thanks

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