Kurdestan University of Technology

Computer Engineering Department

Artificial Intelligence:
Past, Present and Future
Parham Moradi

http://math-cs.aut.ac.ir/~moradi
‫آيا مي‌توان ماشيني طراحي کرد که در بزرگراههاي تهران به صورت اتوماتيک رانندگي‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫کند؟‬
‫آيا مي‌توان رباتي طراحي کرد که بدون کمک انسان قضاياي جديد رياضي را اثبات کند؟‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫آيا مي‌توان رباتي طراحي کرد که بتواند در مورد موضوع خاصي يک داستان يا مقاله‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫بنويسد؟‬
‫آيا مي‌توان يک ربات پزشک طراحي کرد ؟‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫آيا مي‌توان يک ماشين مترجم ساخت صحبتهاي کسي را که به زبان فارسي با يک‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫انگليسي زبان گفتگو مي‌کند را به صورت اتوماتيک ترجمه کند؟‬
‫و ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Pag.2‬‬
 Outline

  What is AI
  Foundation of AI
  A brief history
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI

Pag.3
 What is Artificial Intelligence

  Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and

think” (Oxford dictionary)

  the study of the capacity of machines to

simulate intelligent human behaviour

  AI is the study of how to make computers make

things which at the moment people do better.

Pag.4
What is Artificial Intelligence

  Different definitions due to

different criteria
– Two dimensions:
– Thought processes/reasoning vs. behavior/action
– Success according to human standards vs. success
according to an ideal concept of intelligence: rationality.

Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Pag.5
Systems that act like humans
  When does a system behave intelligently?
– Turing (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence
– Operational test of intelligence: imitation game

– Test still relevant now, yet might be the wrong question.

– Requires the collaboration of major components of AI:
knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning, …

Pag.6
 Systems that act like humans
  Turing Test
  1990: Loebner Prize established. Grand Prize of
$100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer
whose responses are indistinguishable from a
human.
  (Solid 18 carat, not gold-plated like the Olympic
"Gold" medals)

Pag.7
 Systems that act like humans
www.Alicebot.org

AI
09/12/21 Pag.8
 Systems that think like humans

  How do humans think?

– Requires scientific theories of internal brain activities (cognitive
model):
– Level of abstraction? (knowledge or circuitry?)
– Validation?
– Predicting and testing human behavior
– Identification from neurological data
– Cognitive Science vs. Cognitive neuroscience.
  Both approaches are now distinct from AI
  Share that the available theories do not explain
anything resembling human intelligence.
– Three fields share a principal direction.

Pag.9
Systems that think like humans

Pag.10
 Systems that think like humans

  Some references;
– Daniel C. Dennet.
Consciousness explained.
– M. Posner (edt.)
Foundations of cognitive
science
– Francisco J. Varela et al.
The Embodied Mind
– J.-P. Dupuy. The
mechanization of the mind

Pag.11
Systems that think rationally

  Capturing the laws of thought

– Aristotle: What are ‘correct’ argument and
thought processes?
– Correctness depends on irrefutability of reasoning processes.
– This study initiated the field of logic.
– The logicist tradition in AI hopes to create intelligent systems
using logic programming.
– Problems:
– Not all intelligence is mediated by logic behavior
– What is the purpose of thinking? What thought should one
have?

Pag.12
 Systems that think rationally

  A reference;
– Ivan Bratko, Prolog
programming for
artificial intelligence.

Pag.13
 Systems that act rationally

  Rational behavior: “doing the right

thing”
– The “Right thing” is that what is expected to
maximize goal achievement given the
available information.
  Can include thinking, yet in service
of rational action.
– Action without thinking: e.g. reflexes.

Pag.14
 Systems that act rationally
  Two advantages over previous approaches:
– More general than law of thoughts approach
– More amenable to scientific development.

  Yet rationality is only applicable in ideal

environments.

  Moreover rationality is not a very good model

of reality.

Pag.15
 Rational agents

  An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

  This course is about designing rational
agents
– An agent is a function from percept histories to actions:

f : P*  A
– For any given class of environments and task we seek the
agent (or class of agents) with the best performance.
– Problem: computational limitations make perfect rationality
unachievable.

 Pag.16
Pag.17
 Outline

  What is AI
  A brief history
  Foundation of AI
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI

Pag.18
 Outline

  What is AI
  Foundation of AI
  A brief history
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI
Pag.19
Foundation of AI

Pag.20
 Foundations of AI

  Philosophy (423 BC  present):

 Logic, methods of reasoning.
 Mind as a physical system.
 Foundations of learning, language, and rationality.

  Mathematics (c.800  present):

 Formal representation and proof.
 Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability.
 Probability.

Pag.21
 Foundations of AI

  Psychology (1879  present):

 Adaptation.

 Phenomena of perception and motor

control.
 Experimental techniques.

  Linguistics (1957  present):

 Knowledge representation.
 Grammar.

Pag.22
 Outline
  What is AI
  Foundation of AI
  A brief history
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI

Pag.23
A brief history

– 1943: Warren Mc Culloch and Walter Pitts: a model of

artificial boolean neurons to perform computations.
– First steps toward connectionist computation and learning
(Hebbian learning).
– Marvin Minsky and Dann Edmonds (1951) constructed the first
neural network computer

– 1950: Alan Turing’s “Computing Machinery and

Intelligence”
– First complete vision of AI.
– Idea of Genetic Algorithms

Pag.24
 A brief history (2)

  The birth of (the term) AI (1956)

– Darmouth Workshop bringing together top minds on automata
theory, neural nets and the study of intelligence.
– Allen Newell and Herbert Simon: The logic theorist (first nonnumerical
thinking program used for theorem proving)
– For the next 20 years the field was dominated by these participants.

– Great expectations (1952-1969)

– Newell and Simon introduced the General Problem Solver.
– Imitation of human problem-solving
– Arthur Samuel (1952-)investigated game playing (checkers ) with great
success.
– John McCarthy(1958-) :
– Inventor of Lisp (second-oldest high-level language)
– Logic oriented, Advice Taker (separation between knowledge and reasoning)

Pag.25
 A brief history (3)

  The birth of AI (1956)

– Great expectations continued ..
– Marvin Minsky (1958 -)
– Introduction of microworlds that appear to require intelligence to solve: e.g.
blocks-world.
– Anti-logic orientation, society of the mind.

  Collapse in AI research (1966 - 1973)

– Progress was slower than expected.
– Unrealistic predictions.
– Some systems lacked scalability.
– Combinatorial explosion in search.
– Fundamental limitations on techniques and representations.
– Minsky and Papert (1969) Perceptrons.

Pag.26
 A brief history (4)

  AI revival through knowledge-based

systems (1969-1970)
– General-purpose vs. domain specific
– E.g. the DENDRAL project (Buchanan et al. 1969)
– First successful knowledge intensive system.
– Expert systems
– MYCIN to diagnose blood infections (Feigenbaum et al.)
– Introduction of uncertainty in reasoning.
– Increase in knowledge representation research.
– Logic, frames, semantic nets, …

Pag.27
 A brief history (5)

  AI becomes an industry (1980 - present)

– R1 at DEC (McDermott, 1982)
– Fifth generation project in Japan (1981)
– American response …
  Puts an end to the AI winter.

  Connectionist revival (1986 - present)

– Parallel distributed processing (RumelHart and McClelland,
1986); back-propagation

Pag.28
 A brief history (6)

  AI becomes a science (1987 - present)

– Neats vs. scruffies.
– In speech recognition: hidden markov models
– In neural networks
– In uncertain reasoning and expert systems: Bayesian network
formalism
–…

  The emergence of intelligent agents

(1995 - present)
– The whole agent problem:
“How does an agent act/behave embedded in real environments
with continuous sensory inputs”

Pag.29
 Outline

  What is AI
  Foundation of AI
  A brief history
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI

Pag.30
 Major research areas (Applications)

  Knowledge Representation
  Natural Language Understanding
  Image, Speech and pattern recognition
  Uncertainty Modeling
  Expert systems
  Web Mining
  …..

Pag.31
Knowledge Representation

  What kind of Knowledge needed for

Problem solving ?
  Structure of knowledge ?
– declarative vs procedural
  Representation techniques ?
– explicit vs (implicit + inference)
– logic, frame, object-oriented, semantic net, script
  Knowledge acquisition and update

Pag.
Search Theory

  An Optimization method
  Analyze alternative cases and select one
  Cope with Exponential complexity, NP
classes
– Try likely one first (Heuristic Search)
– Utilize local information (Hill Climbing Method)
– Optimal solution vs good solution
  Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing
– Stochastic search

Pag.
Automated Reasoning

  Qualitative Reasoning
– Utilization of qualitative knowledge such as
  Non-monotonic Reasoning
– Ostrich flys ?
  Plausible Reasoning
– Information fusion under uncertainty
  Case-based Reasoning
– Utilization of Experience

Pag.
Machine Learning

  Performance improvement by experience

– How much of knowledge required to start learning ?
– Method of acquiring new knowledge and merging it to existing
knowledge-base
– Role of teacher
– Role of examples and experience
  Parameter Adjustment
  Inductive learning
  Computational Learning Theory
– Quality of generalization capability in terms of Training data
  Used in Practice such as Data Mining

Pag.
 Data Mining
Knowledge extraction for decision making
Data Information Decision
/ knowledge Making

Pag.36
 Neural Network
  Computational model of
Neurons
– Power comes from Connection of
simple processing element -
connectionism
X1
w1

X2 w2
 F(X1, X2, …, Xn)
.
. wn
.
Xn

Pag.
 Neural Network

  learning = link weigh adjustment

– Error-back-propagation : supervised learning
– Any Functional Mapping is learnable
  Strong at Sensory Data Processing
– Symbolic Grounding

  Old Horse on the race again

– Massive parallelism, graceful degradation

Pag.38
Neural Network Classifier

Job(1/0)

good
age

Salary medium

#mouth bad

Debt

Input Hidden Output

layer layer layer
Pag.39
Genetic Algorithms

  Computational model of life

evolution
  Stochastic optimization technique
– Initial chromosome creation
– New generations are made (cross over,
mutation)
– survival of the fittest
  Base of artificial life research
– study evolution of life, by simulation

Pag.
 Web Mining
  Analysing Web Information
  Web 1.0
– Web Usage Mining
– Web Content Mining
– Web Structure Mining

Web 2.0
-Semantic Web
-Web Services
-Social Networks (Wikis-Web Logs-…)

Pag.41
 Outline

  What is AI
  Foundation of AI
  A brief history
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI

Pag.42
Autonomous Land Vehicle
(DARPA’s GrandChallenge contest)

Pag.43
Autonomous Land Vehicle
(DARPA’s GrandChallenge contest)

Pag.44
Automatic Speech Processing

Pag.45
Game Playing

Pag.46
Game Playing

Pag.47
Medical expert systems

Programs listed by Special Field

  Antibiotics & Infectious   Gynecology
Diseases
  Imaging Analysis
  Cancer
  Chest pain   Internal Medicine
  Dentistry   Intensive Care
  Dermatology   Laboratory Systems
  Drugs &   Orthopedics
Toxicology
  Emergency   Pediatrics
  Epilepsy   Pulmonology & Ventilation
  Family Practice   Surgery & Post-Operative
  Genetics Care
  Geriatrics   Trauma Management

Pag.48
 Pattern Recognition Applications

  Handwriting and document recognition

– forms, postal mail, historic documents
– PDA pen recognition
  Signature, biometrics (finger, face, iris, etc.)
  Gesture, facial expression
– As a Human computer intertraction
  EEG, EKG, X-ray
  Trafic monitoring, Remote Sensing
  Smart Weapon – guided missile, target
homing

Pag.49
Handwriting Understanding

Pag.50
전자 펜으로 수식 입력 수식 인식
Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Pag.51
Intelligent Transportation Systems

Pag.52
 Smart Music System

  The Bose uMusic

system uses artificial
intelligence to learn
the listening habits and
preferences of its users.
Load your CDs into the
digital music delivery
system, it can hold
thousands of songs, and
it will learn your
listening preferences
and prioritize your
music collection.

Pag.53
Pandora.com

Pag.54
Control systems

Pag.55
 Outline
  What is AI
  Foundation of AI
  A brief history
  AI Research Areas
  Application of AI
  Future of AI

Pag.56
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫‪  ‬آينده پژوهي يا ‪ Futurology‬يا ‪ Forsight‬به بررسي تغييرات‪ ،‬ابداعات‪،‬‬

‫نوآوري‌ها و ادامه روند‌ها و پيش‌بيني وقايع علمي در آينده مي‌پردازد‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪  ‬در اين علم با بررسي و تحليل شرايط گذشته و شرايط فعلي در زمينه‌هاي علمي‪،‬‬
‫مدل پيشرفت و تغييرات اين حوزه‌ها را به صورت سيستماتيک مدل کرده و بر‬
‫اساس اين تحليل به بررسي تغييرات‪ ،‬روند‌ها و نوآوري‌ها در آينده اين حوزه ها‬
‫مي‌پردازد‬

‫‪Pag.57‬‬
Future of AI
: ‫اين فيلد در دنيا با کلمات کليدي زير نيز شناخته مي‌شود‬  
)‫نشگاهي‬Z‫ (در محافل دا‬futures studies  
)‫نشگاهي‬Z‫ (در محافل دا‬strategic foresight  
futurology  
futuristics  
futures thinking  
futuring  
‫ (در ر‬futuribles
)Z‫نسه‬Z‫ا‬ZZZ‫ف‬  
‫ ل‬Z‫ (در ا‬prospectiva
)‫تين‬Z‫مريکايال‬Z‫يا و آ‬ZZ‫يتا‬  

Pag.58
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬
‫‪  ‬واژه ‪ Foresight‬براي اولين بار در سال ‪ 1932‬در سايت خبري ‪BBC‬‬
‫توسط ‪ H.G.Wells‬براي تاسيس دانشکده‌اي در اين زمينه جهت پيش‌بيني‬
‫آينده تحقيقاتي دانشگاهي ‪ 40‬سال آينده‪ ،‬به کار گرفته شد‬

‫‪ .  ‬واژه ‪ Futurology‬که معني آن‪ ،‬مطالعات در مورد آينده يا آينده‌نگري است‪،‬‬

‫براي اولين بار توسط يک دانشمند آلماني به نام ‪Ossip K. Flechtheim‬‬
‫در سال ‪ 1940‬به کار برده شد‪.‬‬

‫‪  ‬در سال ‪ 1960‬براي اولين بار در ايالت متحده آمريکا رشته‌ دانشگاهي آينده‬
‫پژوهي تاسيس شد‬

‫‪Pag.59‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬
‫‪  ‬به کساني که در فيلد آينده پژوهي مطالعه و تحقيق مي‌کنند اصطالحا " آينده نگر "‬
‫يا ‪ Futurist‬گفته مي‌شود‬

‫‪  ‬آينده نگر ها در مورد مسير حرکت علم تحقيق مي کنند‬

‫‪ .  ‬مطالعات برروي آينده‌پژوهي از سال ‪ 1960‬به بعد اغاز شد و افرادي چون‬

‫‪Herman Kahn, Olaf Helmer, Bertrand de Jouvenel,‬‬
‫‪Dennis Gabor, Oliver Markley, Burt Nanus, and‬‬
‫‪ Wendell Bell‬از پايه‌گذاران اين علم بودند‬

‫‪Pag.60‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬
‫‪  ‬بعضي ديگر از آينده نگر ها‪ ،‬نتيجه مطالعات و پژوهش هاي خود را در زمينه آينده نگري به‬
‫صورت فيل‪S‬منامه در مي آوردند و فيلم هاي تخيلي علمي (‪ )Science Fiction‬را ايجاد مي‬
‫کردند‬
‫‪  ‬يکي از معروفترين آنها آرتور سي کالرک (‪ )Arthure C Clarke‬است که اولين فيلم او با‬
‫اين مضمون در سال ‪ 1968‬با عنوان "‪ " A Space Odyssey : 2001‬به نمايش در آمد‪.‬‬
‫”‪  HAL-9000 from “2001 – A Space Odyssey‬‬

‫‪Pag.61‬‬
 Future of AI
: ‫تعدادي از اين نوع فيلم ها در زير ليست شده است‬  

A Space Odyssey - Arthur C. Clarke – 1968 :2001 ]1[  

Odyssey Two - Arthur C. Clarke - 1982 :2010 ]2[  
Odyssey Three - Arthur C. Clarke – 1982 :2061 ]3[  
The Final Odyssey, the Leonov mission is said to :3001 ]4[  
.have taken place in the 2040s - Arthur C. Clarke –1997
The Year We Make Contact - 1984 :2010 ]5[  

Pag.62
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬
‫‪  ‬پيش بيني‌هاي مجله ‪ The Futurist‬در مورد ‪ 50‬سال آينده‬

‫بيشتر تصميمات‪ ،‬توسط موجوديت‌هاي غير انساني اتخاذ (ربات‌ها‪ ،‬سيستم‌هاي خبره‬
‫و ‪ )...‬خواهد شد‬

‫‪  ‬شبكه‌اي از تيم‌هاي الكترونيكي‪ ،‬ربات‌هاي هوشمند در حوزه‌هاي مختلف مثل‬

‫سياست‪ ،‬بهداشت ‪ ،‬آموزش و عيره تصميم گيري خواهند كرد‪ .‬دليل آن پيشرفت‬
‫تكنولوژي است و باعث كاهش خطاي انساني در تصميم‌گيري‌ها مي‌شود‪.‬‬

‫‪Pag.63‬‬
Future of AI

Pag.64
Future of AI

Pag.65
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫‪  ‬کاربرد‌هاي نظامي‬
‫‪  ‬از سال ‪ 2006‬به بعد ساز‌مانهاي نظامي آمريکا پروژه بزرگي براي توليد‬
‫ربات‌هاي نظامي را شروع کردند و از ربات‌ها در جنگ با عراق نيز توسط‬
‫آمريکا استفاده شد‪.‬‬
‫‪  ‬در ‪ 20‬يا ‪ 30‬سال آيند سازمانهاي نظامي آمريکا تفنگ و ادوات کشنده را کنار‬
‫خواهند گذاشت و ادوات جنگي غير کشنده را توليد خواهند کرد که اين ادوات‬
‫جنگي توسط ربات‌ها استفاده خواهد شد‪.‬‬

‫‪Pag.66‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫‪  ‬کاربرد‌هاي نظامي‬
‫‪  ‬از سال ‪ 2006‬به بعد ساز‌مانهاي نظامي آمريکا پروژه بزرگي براي توليد‬
‫ربات‌هاي نظامي را شروع کردند و از ربات‌ها در جنگ با عراق نيز توسط‬
‫آمريکا استفاده شد‪.‬‬
‫‪  ‬در ‪ 20‬يا ‪ 30‬سال آيند سازمانهاي نظامي آمريکا تفنگ و ادوات کشنده را کنار‬
‫خواهند گذاشت و ادوات جنگي غير کشنده را توليد خواهند کرد که اين ادوات‬
‫جنگي توسط ربات‌ها استفاده خواهد شد‪.‬‬
‫‪  ‬بيشتر جنگ‌ها در آينده‪ ،‬جنگ‌هاي شهري خواهند بود و استفاده از ادوات جنگي‬
‫کشنده توسط ربات‌ها يک جنايت جنگي محصوب خواهد شد‪ .‬لذا از ربات‌هاي‬
‫جنگي با سالح‌هاي غير کشنده توسط کشورهاي طرفدار صلح‪ ،‬استفاده خواهد شد‪.‬‬

‫‪Pag.67‬‬
‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫‪  ‬کاربرد‌هاي نظامي‬

‫‪Pag.68‬‬
Future of AI

Pag.69
‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫رباتهاي کاوشگر فضا‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Pag.70‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫پيش بيني‌هاي ديگر در مورد رباتها‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ربات‌هاي کشاورزي ‪ -‬از سال ‪ 2013‬تا سال ‪2014‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ربات‌هايي که از سالمندان مراقبت مي‌کنند – از سال ‪ 2013‬تا سال ‪2017‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ربات‌هايي که عمل جراحي جزيي انجام مي‌دهند – تا سال ‪2017‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ربات‌هايي که کار‌هاي خانه را انجام مي‌دهند – از سال ‪ 2017‬تا سال ‪2019‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫نانو ربات‌ها‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫يک سوم آتشنشان‌ها ‪ ،‬ربات خواهند بود‪ -‬تا سال ‪2015‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫جنگ‌ها کامال بوسيله ربات‌هاي سرباز خود مختار انجام مي‌شود – تا سال‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪2019‬‬
‫‪Pag.71‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫پيش بيني‌هاي ديگر در مورد رباتها‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ربات‌هاي کشاورزي ‪ -‬از سال ‪ 2013‬تا سال ‪2014‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ربات‌هايي که از سالمندان مراقبت مي‌کنند – از سال ‪ 2013‬تا سال ‪2017‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ربات‌هايي که عمل جراحي جزيي انجام مي‌دهند – تا سال ‪2017‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ربات‌هايي که کار‌هاي خانه را انجام مي‌دهند – از سال ‪ 2017‬تا سال ‪2019‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫نانو ربات‌ها‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫يک سوم آتشنشان‌ها ‪ ،‬ربات خواهند بود‪ -‬تا سال ‪2015‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫جنگ‌ها کامال بوسيله ربات‌هاي سرباز خود مختار انجام مي‌شود – تا سال‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪2019‬‬
‫‪Pag.72‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫پيش بيني‌ها در حوزه‌هاي ديگر‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ -‬جستجوي وب بر اساس محتوي صفحات وب‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -‬آناليز حجم زياد داده در وب‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫مثال ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ليست عکسهايي که در آنها ماشين و درخت وجود دارد‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -‬استفاده از وب به عنوان منبع دانش ‪ :‬آيا مي‌توان شرح حال بيمار را گفت‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫و يک سيستم خبره ‪ ،‬با استفاده از مستندات وب‪ ،‬دارو تجويز کند؟‬

‫‪Pag.73‬‬
 ‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫پيش بيني‌ها در حوزه‌هاي ديگر‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫تر جمه ماشيني و پردازش سيگنال‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -‬سازمان‌هاي نظامي آمريکا سرگرم طراحي يک ماشين آي سي هستند که‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫بتواند در داخل موبايل‌ها قرار گيرد و ترجمه گفتار را بر اساس ‪ 16‬زبان‬
‫زنده دنيا انجام دهد‬

‫‪ -‬ترجمه اتوماتيک صفحات وب‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Pag.74‬‬
‫‪Future of AI‬‬

‫هوش شناختي (‪)Cognitive Science‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ -‬مطالعه برروي نحوه رفتار و تفکر انسان‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Pag.75‬‬
 ‫‪  ‬با تشکر از توجه شما‬

‫‪Pag.76‬‬