Pardeep Kumar Roll No.

- 29

Single Mode laser Diode

DFB, DBR, & VCSELs
Submitted to:- Presented by:-

Dr. Rachna Ma’am Pardeep Kumar

(Associate Professor) Subject :-Optical Fibre
Department of Physics Roll No.= 200580160029
Jan,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 CONTENTS-
 Introduction
 Modes of Laser Diode
 Single Mode Laser Diode & Single Mode Operation
 Distributed Feedback Laser Diode
 Distributed Bragg Reflector
 Tunable Laser Diode
 VCSELs
 Advantages, Disadvantages & it’s Applications
 Refercences
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
 HISTORY
First Laser Diode Demonstrated by Robert N.
Hall and NickHolonyak Jr. in 1962
•Robert Noel Hall-
• Nationality- American
• Known For – Demonstration of First
Semiconductor Laser
• Award- Marconi prize
• Field :- Engineering and applied Physics
25 Dec, 1919- 07 Nov, 2016

•Nick Holonyak Jr-

• Nationality- Amrican
• Known for – Invention of Light Emitting Diode
• Award- National Academy of Engineering, National
academy of science
• Field- Electrical Engineering
3Nov., 1928- Till Now
 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 INTRODUCTION:-
• Laser diode:- A semiconductor Diode that generates
monochromatic, coherent light of high intensity is
known as laser diode. Electron hole recombination emits
energy in term of photons. Stimulated emission is the
basis of working of a laser diode.
Laser
Diode
Single
Multimode
Mode
Eg.- DBR,
Eg:- Fabry-
DFB,
Perot Laser
VCSELs,
Diode
Tunable
Jan,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

What is Mode of
Laser ?
The light within the cavity viewed as a
E.M. waves that sets up Electromagnetic
Field Pattern, called Modes in the cavity

Types Of
Modes
1.Longitudinal 2. Transverse Mode-
3. Lateral Mode-
Mode- Trasverse means Mode in the
Longitudinal oscillation across plane of the
means the the cross sectional active layer that
oscillation along area, is perpendicular
the direction of perpendicular to to the direction of
the beam the optical axis. the emitted beam.
radiation.
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• LONGITUDINAL MODE:-

• TRANSVERSE MODE:-

Jan,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.-29

 SINGLE MODE LASER DIODE:-

A single mode laser diode (rarely called a single
frequency laser diode) is a laser which operates on a
single resonator mode, i.e. single Longitudinal Mode and
single Transverse Mode & Narrow Spectral width
Because, we want very narrow
Why we need linewidth and low phase noise. any
Single Mode
Laser Diode?
mode distribution noise is eliminated,
also have the potential to have very
low intensity noise.The excited mode
is a Gaussian mode, so that the output
is diffraction limited.
Jan,2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU Sirsa
 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29
 OPERATIONS OF SINGLE MODE
LASER :-
For a Single Mode laser, the
adjacent mode should be larger
than Transition line width

There are some techniques to achieve

single mode

1. To reduce the residual line width- For this we should

decrease the pump power , the pump power is low
enough, only single mode is able to exist.
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

2. To increase the frequency separation of the mode- For

this we should decrease the size of the Cavity
δf = c/2nL
As short the cavity length frequency separation of modes sufficie
large, this result single mode operation.
Eg.- If we decrease L 250µm to 25µm ⇒ δf increases 1nm to 10n

3. To insert the diffraction grating in the Cavity-

diffraction grating is etched near the active region in the
substrate that provides frequency selective feedback
Which makes laser to emit single frequency
λ = 2nΛ
Jan , 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

Symbol
• δf = Frequency separation of two Adjacent
Modes
• n = Refractive Index
• c = velocity of light
• L = length of Cavity
• λ = output wavelength
• Λ = Periods of grating

Period of grating is
distance between
two high/low value
of Refractive
Indexes

Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK LASER

DIODE (DFB)-
In DFB Laser Diode, a
diffraction grating is
etched on the entire
active region, due to this
Bragg reflection is occure,
which provides the
frequency selective
feedback which make laser emits a single wavelengths. i.e
single frequency Laser , Single Mode laser And narrow
linewidth laser.
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• According to Braggs Law:-

λb = 2neffΛ
• neff = average refractive index of grating.
• Λ = Period of grating
In ideal DFB Laser longitudinal Mode are spaced symmetrically arou
Bragg wavelengths :-

λ = λb +_ λb(m+½)
2neLe 30 db

Where m = 0,1,2,3….

Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR

LASERS (DBR):-
The DBR laser
consists of a
grating on each
side of the active
region
( as shown in Figure) these gratings act as mirrors having a
reflectivity that is optimized at one particular wavelength, in
addition to narrowing the laser linewidth.
• In DBR feedback does not occur in Central active region.
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

• Both DBR and DFB lasers are

used to provide single frequency Why
semiconductor optical source. DBR
?

In DFB Laser diffraction grating is

etched all over active region, current
passes through grating changes the
refractive index, due to this Laser
frequency is not stable .
In DBR laser laser frequency is much
more stable.

Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 TUNABLE LASER DIODES:-

A tunable laser is a laser Itune
whose wavelength of
operation can be
altered/tunned in a
controlled manner.

The laser wavelength can be tuned or varied by varying

the effective refractive index n depends on the current and
the temperature of the active region, By varying the I tune
current, we can get distinct wavelengths.
λ = 2nΛ
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
 Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE

EMITTING LASER DIODE (VCSEL):-
VCSEL emits light that is
perpendicular to the
semiconductor wafer
surface. The laser
resonator consists of a thin
active region with one or
several very thin (quantum well)
amplifying layers sandwiched between two distributed Bragg reflector
(DBRs), where one has a very high reflectivity and the other (the outpu
coupler) has a slightly lower reflectivity of ≈99%.
• VCSEL small in Size, It gives Circular Output Beam.
• Fabrication technique is called Lithography.
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.
Why VCSEL
is better?

The structure can be integrated in two-dimensional

array configuration.
Low threshold currents enable high-density arrays.
Circular and low divergence output beams eliminate
the need for corrective optics.
Low-cost potential because the devices are completed
and tested at the wafer level.
Lower temperature-sensitivity compared to edge-
emitting laser diodes.
• High transmission speed with low power
consumption.
 ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE MODE LASER:-
• It has very high stability and mode-hop-free inherent
single-frequency output.
• Low threshold Current, narrow linewidth.
• Extra low-intensity noise level.
• High transmission ability.
• Diffraction limited.

 DIS ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE MODE LASER:-

Generally incompatible with high power laser Design.
Cost effective, possible yield losses.
Laser Spectral width reduced by facet reflectivity.
• Reduction diode lifetime.
 APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE MODE LASER:
• Typical applications of single-frequency lasers occur in
the areas of optical metrology (e.g. with fiber-optic
sensors) and interferometry,
• optical data storage, high-resolution laser spectroscopy
(e.g. LIDAR), and optical fiber communications.
• In some cases such as spectroscopy, the narrow
spectral width of the output is directly important.
• In other cases, such as optical data storage, a low
intensity noise is required, thus the absence of any
mode beating noise.
Pardeep Kumar Roll No.- 29

 REFERENCES:-
1. Optical Fibre Communications By John M. Senior
2. Fiber-Optics Communication System By Govind P.
Agrawal
3. Optical Communication Essential By Gerd Keiser
4. Principles of Laser By Orazio Svelto
5. Optical Fiber Communication and it’s Applications
By S.C. Gupta
6. Fiber Optics Engineering By Mohammad Azadeh
7. NPTEL- Semiconductor Optoelectronic Video
Lectures By:- Prof. M.R. Shenoy- IIT Delhi

Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.

Pardeep Kumar Roll No. -20

THANK YOU
Jan, 2022 M.Sc. Physics Seminar CDLU, Sirsa.