NATIONALISM

IN
NATIONALISM IN INDIA

INDIA
 NATIONALISM
• Nationalism is the feeling of oneness among
the people living in a territory.
FIRST WORLD WAR BROKE OUT IN
1914
 FIRST WORLD WAR CREATED A NEW
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SITUATION IN INDIA
• The British imposed war expenditure on India. Income
tax was introduced. Customs duties were raised.
• Prices of essential goods doubled during the war period.
• Forced recruitment was made in to the British Indian
army.
• Crop failures resulted in shortage of food materials.
Influenza epidemic spread in many parts of India.
Millions of people lost their lives.
 GANDHIYAN SATYAGRAHA

• Gandhiji came back to India in 1915.He introduced

a new powerful method of struggle called
Satyagraha.
 SATYAGRAHA
• Satyagraha literally means holding on to truth or truth force.
• It was a non-violent struggle introduced by Gandhiji in the
Indian National Movement.
• It persuades the opponent to understand the truth.
• If the cause was true and if the fight was against injustice
then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
• Hunger strike, peaceful demonstrations, strike, hartal and
non cooperation with the government are some methods of
Satyagraha
 FIRST THREE SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENTS
ORGANISED BY GANDHIJI IN INDIA
• Champaran Movement [1917]: It was a movement of workers in
the indigo plantations of the Champaran district of Bihar. It was
against the oppressive plantation system.

• Kheda Movement[1917]: Crop failure and plague epidemic made

the life of the farmers miserable in the Kheda district of Gujarat.
So, they started a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership with the
demand for a reduction in land revenue.

• Mill workers Movement: Low wages and poor working conditions

forced the mill workers of Ahmedabad to start a movement under
Gandhiji’s leadership in 1918.
 Rowlatt Act[1919]
• This Act gave the government the power to
imprison any person without any trial for a period
of two years.
• Aim of this act was to destroy the national
movement by imprisoning the national workers.
• It was a black law because it was against basic
human rights.
 ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA
• Gandhiji organiSed a non violent satyagraha against
the Rowlatt Act.
• A hartal was organiSed on 6 April 1919. Rallies were
conducted. Shops were closed down. Workers
conducted strike. Transport and communication
systems came to a standstill.
• These protests led to the Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre.
 JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
• On 13 April 1919, a public meeting was organized at
Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the
arrests of national leaders.
• Many villagers who came to attend a fair were also
present in the park.
• General Dyer reached the meeting place along with the
British troops. He ordered the troops to fire. The firing
lasted for nearly 10 minutes.
• More than thousand people were killed and many were
wounded. This incident is called Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre.
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
VIDEO
 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
• It was a movement organized by Muhammad Ali
and Shaukat Ali [Ali brothers].
• The aim of this movement was to protest against
the injustice done to Turkey by Britain after the First
World War.
• The Turkish Sultan had the title of Caliph. The
muslims considered him as their spiritual leader. So,
many muslims joined this movement.
GANDHIJI DECIDED TO LAUNCH THE NON- COOPERATION
MOVEMENT BECAUSE :
• First World War added to the misery of the Indian people.
Heavy taxes, high prices, famines and epidemics made people’s
life miserable.
• Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab
made Indians angry.
• Muslims became unhappy due to the ill treatment of Turkey.
They started Khilafat Movement.
• The Congress session at Nagpur (1920) adopted Gandhiji’s the
idea of Non-co operation.
 NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Non co operation was launched under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1920.
• It aimed at protesting against the injustices done to Punjab and Turkey and to
attain Swaraj.
• Educated middle class led the movement in towns and cities. Educational
institutions, Law courts and foreign goods were boycotted.
• Peasants organized movements against Talukdars and Landlords in villages under
the leadership of Baba Ramchandra.
• Tribal people started an armed struggle in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh
under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
• Workers in the plantations of Assam started a struggle to get the right to free
movement.
• Chauri-Chaura incident forced Gandhiji to call off the Movement.
 DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• MOVEMENT IN TOWNS AND CITIES:
• Educated middle class led the movement in towns and
cities.
• Educational institutions, law courts and the council
elections were boycotted.
• Foreign clothes and other goods were burnt in bonfires.
People began to use Khadi clothes.
• Government Servants resigned their jobs. Liquor shops
were picketed.
 NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT SLOWED
DOWN IN TOWNS AND CITIES BECAUSE:

• Khadi clothes were very costly. The poor were not able
to buy them.

• Indians boycotted British institutions like law courts and

educational institutions. But alternative institutions did
not come up. So people had to stop boycott.
 MOVEMENT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
(VILLAGES)
• PEASANTS’ MOVEMENT.
• In Awadh, a peasant’s movement was organized by
Baba Ramchandra.
• It was against landlords and talukdars. Reduction of
rent and the abolition of begar were their main
demands.
• They formed the Oudh Kisan Sabha.
 BABA RAMCHADRA
• He led a peasant movement in Awadh against Talukdars
and Landlords.

• He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and

the boycott of landlords.

• In October 1920, he formed Oudh Kisan Sabha with the

help of Nehru.
 TRIBAL MOVEMENT
• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, tribals
started a movement under the leadership of
Alluri Sitaram Raju.
• Tribals wanted to get back their traditional rights
over forests.
• The methods followed by the tribals and
peasants were against the Gandhian method of
non violence. They followed violent methods of
struggle.
 ALLURI SITARAM RAJU
• He led a movement of the tribal people in the
Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
• Many people considered him as an incarnation of
God. They believed that he had many special
powers.
• He supported Gandhiji and asked his followers to
wear khadi and stop drinking. But, he organized an
armed struggle against the British.
ALLURI SITARAM RAJU
 MOVEMENT IN THE PLANTATIONS
• Workers in the plantations of Assam demanded the right to
move freely in and out of the estates.
• They opposed the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 which took
away the right to free movement.
• When they heard about the Non-co operation movement,
they moved to their villages. They thought that the Gandhi Raj
was coming and everyone would be given land in their villages.
• However, they were caught and brought back.
 WITHDRAWAL OF THE NON
COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Gandhiji withdrew the Non Co operation Movement
because:
• The movement became violent in some places. In february
1922, in Chauri chaura (Uttar Pradesh) people turned violent
and set fire to a police station. Twenty two police men were
killed in this incident. Gandhiji was against violence.
• The movement slowed down in urban areas.
• He thought that it was necessary to train the people in non
violent satyagraha.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Non Co operation movement was a large scale mass
movement. It attracted common people from all social
groups.
• Non Co operation Movement and Khilafat Movement
went together. So, they promoted Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Peasants’ and tribals’ movements became a part of the
Indian National Movement.
• It was a non violent movement. So, it popularised the
Gandhian idea of Non violent satyagraha.
 SIMON COMMISSION
(INDIAN STATUTORY COMMISSION)
• It was a statutory commission set up by the British under Sir John
Simon.
• It was asked to study the constitutional system in India and
suggest changes.
• Indians opposed the Simon Commission because:
• All the members of the commission were English men. There was
no Indian in it.
• It did not provide any hope of Swaraj to Indians.
 LAHORE CONGRESS OF 1929
• The Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929
under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Following decision were taken:
• The Congress declared Poorna Swaraj as its aim.
• It was decided to celebrate 26 January every year as
Independence Day.
• It was decided to start the Civil Disobedience
Movement to win Poorna Swaraj.
 DEVELOPMENTS THAT LED TO THE LAUNCHING
OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• Indians launched a powerful struggle against the Simon
Commission. The government resorted to repression.
• Great Depression made the life of the people highly
miserable.
• Lahore Conspiracy case and Meerut Conspiracy case created
discontent among the Indians.
• Lahore Congress of 1929 declared Poorna Swaraj as its aim
and decided to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Gandhiji inaugurated the movement by breaking the Salt Law
at Dandi.
 SALT MARCH [SALT SATYAGRAHA]
• Gandhiji decided to inaugurate the Civil Disobedience Movement by
breaking the salt law.
• Gandhiji and 78 of his followers started a march on foot from
Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi [Dandi March].
• On 6 April 1919, they reached Dandi. Gandhiji prepared salt by using
sea water, broke the salt law and inaugurated the Movement.
• The government imposed heavy tax on salt. Moreover, the
production of salt was the monopoly of the government. So the
price of salt was very high. Therefore, Gandhiji opposed the salt law.
 THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT.
• Gandhiji led a march on foot from Sabarmati to Dandi. He broke
the Salt Law at Dandi and inaugurated the Movement.
• People broke salt law in many places. Foreign goods were
boycotted. Liquor shops were picketed. Government servants
resigned their jobs. Forest laws were broken. People refused to pay
taxes. Leaders were arrested. Workers attacked government
offices.
• Gandhiji called off the movement on 5 March 1931 under the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact. He agreed to attend the Second Round Table
Conference.
• It was restarted when Gandhiji returned from London. It was finally
called off in 1934.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NON-COOPERATION
MOVEMENT AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• People refused to cooperate with the government
during the Non Cooperation Movement. People broke
the laws during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Muslims participated in large numbers in the Non Co
operation Movement. Muslim participation was less in
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• No tax campaign was not there in Non Cooperation
Movement. People refused to pay taxes in Civil
Disobedience Movement
 SOCIAL GROUPS WHICH PARTICIPATED
IN CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• Rich Peasants - Depression and fall in prices affected them badly. They demanded
reduction in land revenue. Swaraj meant reduction of taxes for them.
• Poor Peasants - Depression affected them badly. They demanded reduction in rent.
Swaraj meant reduction of rent for them.
• Business classes – They demanded protection against the import of foreign goods.
They wanted a Rupee-Sterling exchange rate that would discourage import. They
formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920. They also formed
the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries. They gave
financial help to the movement and refused to sell the foreign goods.

• Industrial Workers – They were poorly paid. Conditions of work were miserable.
Swaraj meant better wages and working conditions for them. Railway workers and
dockyard workers conducted strike. Workers in mines wore Gandhi Caps and took
part in rallies.
 MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT.
• Civil Disobedience Movement was the first struggle to
win Poorna Swaraj or Complete Independence.
• It was based on non violent Satyagraha. Gandhian ideas
were widely followed.
• Women participated in large numbers in this
movement.
• It was a real mass movement. Different social groups
participated.
• It was an open challenge to the British rule. The people
openly disobeyed laws.
 MAIN LIMITATIONS OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• Dalits did not participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement, because the Congress did not give
importance to their demands.
• Many Muslims did not participate in it. They thought
that the Congress was moving close to the Hindu Maha
Sabha.
• Communal riots occurred in many places. Disunity
between Hindus and Muslims started.
• Industrial workers participation was minimum.
EFFORTS MADE BY GANDHIJI FOR THE
UPLIFTMENT OF DALITS
• (i)Gandhiji was against untouchability. He said that
Swaraj would not come for 100 years, if untouchability
was not abolished.
• (ii)He called the untouchables ‘Harijans’ or sons of Gods.

• (iii)He organized Satyagraha to get temple entry and

access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools for dalits.
• (iv)He cleaned harijan colonies and in his ashram there
was no caste feelings.
• (v)He asked the upper caste Hindus to give up the
inhuman practice of untouchability.
 GANDHIJI Vs AMBEDKAR
• Dr. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the
dalits. He thought that a share in political power would
help in their upliftment. Gandhiji opposed separate
electorates. He thought that it would create disunity. So,
they clashed in the Second round table conference.
• Poona Pact: It was signed between Gandhiji and
Ambedkar in September 1932. Gandhiji brought an end
to his fast. He accepted the demand for reservation of
seats for dalits in the legislatures. Ambedkar agreed to
give up the demand for separate electorates.
CULTURAL FACTORS AND IDENTITIES WHICH CREATED A SENSE
OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING AMONG THE PEOPLE OF INDIA.

• IMAGE OF BHARAT MATA :

• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image
of Bharat Mata.
• Abanindranath Tagore painted her image.
• Bharat Mata looked like a Sanyasini. She is calm,
divine and spiritual. Devotion towards her became a
proof of Nationalism.
IMAGES OF BHARAT MATA
IMAGE OF BHARATMATA
This picture of Bharat mata was painted by
Abanindranath Tagore.

In this painting Bharat mata is portrayed as an

ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and
spiritual.

Here the mother figure is shown as dispensing

learning, food and clothing. The mala in one
hand emphasis her ascetic quality.
IMAGE OF BHARAT MATA
This figure of Bharat
Mata is shown with a
trishul, standing beside
a lion and an elephant-
both symbols of power
and authority.
 VANDE MATARAM

• It was a prayer to Bharat Mata written by

Bankim Chadra Chattopadhyay.
• Vande Mataram became the war cry of the
Indians.
• It was later included in his novel Anandamath
VANDE MATARAM
 NATIONAL FLAG
• During the Swadeshi Movement a tricolor flag (red, green
and yellow) was developed. It had 8 lotuses representing
the 8 provinces of the British India. It also had crescent
moon which represented Hindus and Muslims.
• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a
tricolor flag (red, green and white). It had a spinning wheel
which represent the Gandhian idea of Self Help.
• The flag became a symbol of the Nation. It created the
feeling of oneness. The people carried flag in protest
marches and rallies
 NATIONAL FLAG
SWADESHI FLAG SAWARAJ FLAG
 REDISCOVERY OF INDIA’S PAST
• The British considered Indians backward and primitive.
They said that the Indians were not capable of ruling
themselves.
• In the 19th century, some educated Indians started the
efforts of rediscover India’s great achievements. They
rediscovered the achievements made by the Indians in art,
architecture, science, mathematics, religion, culture, law,
philosophy, crafts and trade.
• Knowledge about the great achievements of Indians
created national pride, self confidence and patriotism
among the Indians.
 REVIVAL OF FOLKLORE
• Nationalists toured the villages to collect the folk songs
and legends.
• Rabindranath Tagore collected a number of folk songs
and legends.
• In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four volume
collection of tamil folk tales (The Folklore of Southern
India).
• The folk songs and legends gave a true picture of Indian
culture. They showed there all thoughts and
characteristics of Indians.
• They created National Pride among the people.
FOLKLORE OF SOUTHERN INDIA
Important sessions of INC