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    Layers: Sender, Receiver, and Carrier Hierarchy

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    P Nischala
    The document discusses layered architectures and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer is responsible for different aspects of network communication. The physical layer deals with bit transmission between nodes, while the application layer provides services to users. The TCP/IP protocol suite also uses a layered approach and maps to the OSI model, but was originally defined with four layers for host-to-network communication, internet routing, transport, and applications.

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    Layers: Sender, Receiver, and Carrier Hierarchy

    Uploaded by

    P Nischala
    134 views36 pages
    The document discusses layered architectures and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer is responsible for different aspects of network communication. The physical layer deals with bit transmission between nodes, while the application layer provides services to users. The TCP/IP protocol suite also uses a layered approach and maps to the OSI model, but was originally defined with four layers for host-to-network communication, internet routing, transport, and applications.

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    2.Layered Architecture Osi&Tcpip

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    The document discusses layered architectures and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer is responsible for different aspects of network communication. The physical layer deals with bit transmission between nodes, while the application layer provides services to users. The TCP/IP protocol suite also uses a layered approach and maps to the OSI model, but was originally defined with four layers for host-to-network communication, internet routing, transport, and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    134 views36 pages

    Layers: Sender, Receiver, and Carrier Hierarchy

    Uploaded by

    P Nischala
    The document discusses layered architectures and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer is responsible for different aspects of network communication. The physical layer deals with bit transmission between nodes, while the application layer provides services to users. The TCP/IP protocol suite also uses a layered approach and maps to the OSI model, but was originally defined with four layers for host-to-network communication, internet routing, transport, and applications.

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    You are on page 1of 36

    2-1 LAYERED TASKS/ARCHITECTURE

    We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an


    example, let us consider two friends who communicate
    through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
    friend would be complex if there were no services
    available from the post office.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
    Hierarchy

    2.1
    Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

    2.2
    2-2 THE OSI MODEL
    Established in 1947, the International Standards
    Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
    worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
    standard that covers all aspects of network
    communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
    (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Layered Architecture
    Peer-to-Peer Processes
    Encapsulation

    2.3
    Note

    ISO is the organization.


    OSI is the model.

    2.4
    Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

    2.5
    Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

    2.6
    Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

    2.7
    2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

    In this section we briefly describe the functions of each


    layer in the OSI model.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Physical Layer
    Data Link Layer
    Network Layer
    Transport Layer
    Session Layer
    Presentation Layer
    Application Layer

    2.8
    Figure 2.5 Physical layer

    2.9
    Note

    The physical layer is responsible for movements of


    individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

    2.10
    Figure 2.6 Data link layer

    2.11
    Note

    The data link layer is responsible for moving


    frames from one hop (node) to the next.

    2.12
    Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

    2.13
    Figure 2.8 Network layer

    2.14
    Note

    The network layer is responsible for the


    delivery of individual packets from
    the source host to the destination host.

    2.15
    Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

    2.16
    Figure 2.10 Transport layer

    2.17
    Note

    The transport layer is responsible for the delivery


    of a message from one process to another.

    2.18
    Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

    2.19
    Figure 2.12 Session layer

    2.20
    Note

    The session layer is responsible for dialog


    control and synchronization.

    2.21
    Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

    2.22
    Note

    The presentation layer is responsible for translation,


    compression, and encryption.

    2.23
    Figure 2.14 Application layer

    2.24
    Note

    The application layer is responsible for


    providing services to the user.

    2.25
    Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

    2.26
    2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

    The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly


    match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
    protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
    network, internet, transport, and application. However,
    when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
    TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
    data link, network, transport, and application.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Physical and Data Link Layers
    Network Layer
    Transport Layer
    Application Layer
    2.27
    Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

    2.28
    2-5 ADDRESSING

    Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing


    the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Physical Addresses
    Logical Addresses
    Port Addresses
    Specific Addresses

    2.29
    Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

    2.30
    Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

    2.31
    Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

    2.32
    Figure 2.20 IP addresses

    2.33
    Figure 2.21 Port addresses

    2.34
    Note

    The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,


    but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

    2.35
    Note

    The physical addresses change from hop to hop,


    but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

    2.36

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