Lesson 8 Wlan Troubleshooting

WLAN Troubleshooting
Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Objectives
 802.11 Coverage Considerations
– Dynamic Rate Switching
– Roaming
– Layer 3 Roaming
– Co-Channel Interference
– Channel Reuse
– Hidden Node
– Near/Far
 Interference
 Performance
 Weather

Introduction
 Diagnostic methods that are used to
troubleshoot wired 802.3 networks should
also be applied when troubleshooting a
wireless local area network (WLAN).
 A bottoms-up approach to analyzing the OSI
reference model layers also applies with
wireless networking.
 A wireless networking administrator should
always try to first determine if problems exist
at layer 1 and layer 2.
 As with most networking technologies, most
problems usually exist at the Physical layer.
 Simple layer 1 problems such as non-
powered access points or client card driver
problems are often the root cause of
connectivity or performance issues.
 Because WLANs use radio frequencies to
deliver data, troubleshooting a WLAN offers
many unique layer 1 challenges not found in
a typical wired environment.

 The bulk of this lecture will discuss the
numerous potential problems that can occur
at layer 1 and what solutions might be
implemented to prevent or rectify the layer 1
problems.
 A spectrum analyzer is often a useful tool
when diagnosing layer 1 issues.

 After eliminating layer 1 as a source of
possible troubles, a WLAN administrator
should try to determine if the problem exists
at the Data-Link layer. Authentication and
association problems often occur due to
improperly configured security and
administrative settings on access points,
wireless switches, and client utility software.
 A WLAN protocol analyzer is often an
invaluable tool for troubleshooting layer 2
problems.

 we will discuss many coverage
considerations and troubleshooting issues
that may develop when deploying an 802.11
wireless network.
 RF propagation behaviors and RF
interference will affect both the performance
and coverage of your WLAN. Because
mobility is usually required in a WLAN
environment, many roaming problems often
occur and must be addressed.

 The half-duplex nature of the medium also
brings unique challenges typically not seen
in a full-duplex environment. Different
considerations also need to be given to
outdoor 802.11 deployments due to weather
conditions.
 In this lecture we will discuss how to identify,
troubleshoot, prevent and fix instances of
potential WLAN problems.

Coverage Considerations
 Providing for both coverage and capacity in
a WLAN design solves many problems.
Roaming problems and interference issues
will often be mitigated in advance if proper
WLAN design techniques are implemented
as well as a thorough site survey.
 In the following slides, we will discuss many
considerations that should be addressed to
provide proper coverage, capacity, and
performance within an 802.11 coverage
zone.
Dynamic Rate Switching
 As client station radios move away from an access
point, they will shift down to lower bandwidth
capabilities using a process known as dynamic
rate switching (DRS).
 Access points can support multiple data rates
depending on the spread spectrum technology
used by the AP’s radio card.
 For example, an 802.11b radio supports data rates
of 11, 5.5, 2, and 1 Mbps. Data rate transmissions
between the access point and the client stations
will shift down or up depending on the quality of
the signal between the two radio cards,
 as shown in Figure 1. There is a correlation
between signal quality and distance from the
AP. As a result, transmissions between two
802.11b radio cards may be at 11 Mbps at
30 feet but 2 Mbps at 150 feet.
Dynamic rate
switching

 Dynamic rate switching (DRS) is also
referred to as dynamic rate shifting, adaptive
rate selection, and automatic rate selection.
 All these terms refer to a method of speed
fallback on a wireless LAN client as signal
quality from the access point decreases.
 The objective of DRS is upshifting and
downshifting for rate optimization and
improved performance.

 Effectively, the lower data rates will have
larger concentric zones of coverage than the
higher data rates, as shown in Figure 2.

 The algorithms used for dynamic rate switching
are proprietary and are defined by radio card
manufacturers. Most vendors base DRS on
receive signal strength indicator (RSSI)
thresholds, packet error rate, and retransmissions.
 RSSI metrics are usually based on signal strength
and signal quality. In other words, a station might
shift up or down between data rates based on both
received signal strength in dBm and possibly on a
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value.
 Because vendors implement DRS differently, you
may have two different vendor client cards at the
same location while one is communicating at 5.5
Mbps and the other is communicating at 1 Mbps.
 For example, one vendor might shift down
from data rate 11 Mbps to 5 Mbps at –70
dBm while another vendor might shift
between the same two rates at –75 dBm.
 Keep in mind that DRS works with all 802.11
PHYs. For example, the same shifting of
rates will also occur with ERPOFDM radios
shifting between 54, 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9,
and 6 Mbps data rates. As a result, there is
a correlation between signal quality and
distance from the AP.
 It is often a recommend practice to turn off
the two lowest data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps
when designing an 802.11b/g network.
 The two reasons that a WLAN network
administrator might want to consider
disabling the two lowest rates on an
802.11b/g access point are medium
contention and the hidden node problem.

 In Figure 3, you will see that there are
multiple client stations in the 1 Mbps zone
and only one lone client in the 11 Mbps
zone.
 Remember that wireless is a half-duplex
medium and only one radio card can
transmit on the medium at a time.
 By forcing the higher data rates, it is easier
to force more distributed capacity over the
access points. This is not typically necessary
when planning solely for coverage.

Fig 3
Frame transmission time

 All radio cards access the medium in a
pseudo-random fashion as defined by
CSMA/CA. A radio transmitting a 1,500-byte
data frame at 11 Mbps might occupy the
medium for 100 microseconds.
 Another radio transmitting at 1 Mbps will
take 1,100 microseconds to deliver that
same 1,500 bytes. Radio cards transmitting
at slower data rates will occupy the medium
much longer, while faster radios have to
wait.
 If multiple radio cards get on the outer cell
edges and transmit at slower rates
consistently, the perceived throughput for
the cards transmitting at higher rates is
much slower due to waiting for slower
transmissions to finish.
 For this reason, too many radios on outer 1
and 2 Mbps cells can adversely affect
throughput. Another reason to consider
turning off the lower data rates is the hidden
node problem, which will be explained later
in this lecture.

Roaming
 roaming is the method where client stations

move between RF coverage cells in a
seamless manner.
 Client stations switch communications
through different access points.
 Seamless communications for stations
moving between the coverage zones within
an Extended Service Set (ESS) is vital for
uninterrupted mobility.

 One of the most common issues you’ll need
troubleshoot is problems with roaming.
 Roaming problems are usually caused by
poor network design.
 Due to the proprietary nature of roaming,
problems can also occur when radio cards
from multiple vendors are deployed.
 Changes in the WLAN environment can also
cause roaming hiccups.

 Client stations and not the access point
make the decision on whether or not to
roam between access points.
 Some vendors may involve the access point
or wireless switch in the roaming decision,
but ultimately, the client station initiates the
roaming process with a reassociation
request frame.
 The method in which client stations decide
how to roam is entirely proprietary.

 All vendor client stations use roaming algorithms
that can be based on multiple variables. The
variable of most importance will always be
received signal strength.
 As the received signal from the original AP grows
weaker and a station hears a stronger signal from
another known access point, the station will initiate
the roaming process.
 However, other variables such as SNR, error
rates, and retransmissions may also have a part in
the roaming decision. Because roaming is
proprietary, a specific vendor client station may
roam sooner than a second vendor client station
as they move through various coverage cells

 Some vendors like to encourage roaming while
others use algorithms that roam at lower received
signal thresholds. In an environment where a
WLAN administrator must support multiple vendor
radios, different roaming behaviors will most
assuredly be seen.
 For the time being, a WLAN administrator will
always face unique challenges because of the
proprietary nature of roaming.
 In the future, the 802.11k draft and much
anticipated 802.11r roaming draft will hopefully
standardize many aspects of roaming.

 The best way to assure that seamless
roaming will commence is proper design
and a thorough site survey.
 When designing an 802.11 WLAN, most
vendors recommend 15 to 20 percent
overlap in coverage cells at the lowest
desired signal level.
 The only way to determine if proper cell
overlap in place is by conducting a coverage
analysis site survey. Proper site survey
procedures are discussed in detail at a later
time.
 Roaming problems will occur if there is not
enough overlap in cell coverage. Too little
overlap will effectively create a roaming
dead zone, and connectivity may even
temporarily be lost.
 On the other hand, too much cell overlap will
also cause roaming problems. For example,
if two cells have 60 percent overlap, a
station may stay associated with its original
AP and not connect to a second access
point even though the station is directly
underneath the second access point

 This can also create a situation in which the
client device is constantly switching back
and forth between the two or more APs.
This often presents itself when a client
device is directly under an AP and there are
constant dropped frames.

 Another design issue of great importance is
latency.
 The 802.11i amendment defines an
802.1X/EAP security solution in the
enterprise. The average time involved
during the authentication process can be
700 milliseconds or longer. Every time a
client station roams to a new access point,
reauthentication is required when an
802.1X/EAP security solution has been
deployed.

 The time delay that is a result of the authentication
process can cause serious interruptions with time-
sensitive applications. VoWiFi requires a handoff
of 50 milliseconds or less when roaming.
 A fast secure roaming (FSR) solution is needed if
802.1X/EAP security and time-sensitive
applications are used together in a wireless
network. Currently, FSR solutions are proprietary,
although the 802.11i amendment defines optional
FSR and the 802.11r draft will hopefully
standardize fast secure roaming.

 Changes in the WLAN environment can also
cause roaming headaches. RF interference will
always affect the performance of a wireless
network and can make roaming problematic as
well. Very often new construction in a building will
affect the coverage of a WLAN. If the physical
environment where the WLAN is deployed
changes, the coverage design may have to
change as well. It is always a good idea to
periodically conduct a coverage survey to monitor
changes in coverage patterns.

Layer 3 Roaming
 One major consideration when designing a WLAN
is what happens when client stations roam across
layer 3 boundaries.
 In Figure 4, the client station is roaming between
two access points.
 The roam is seamless
at layer 2, but a router sits
between the two access
points and each access
point resides in a
separate subnet.

 In other words, the client station will lose
layer 3 connectivity and must acquire a new
IP address. Any connection oriented
applications that are running when the client
reestablishes layer 3 connectivity will have
to be restarted.
 For example, a VoIP phone conversation
would disconnect in this scenario and the
call would have to be reestablished.

 The preferred method when designing a WLAN is
to only have overlapping Wi-Fi cells that exist in
the same layer 3 domains through the use of
VLANs.
 However, because 802.11 wireless networks are
usually integrated into preexisting wired
topologies, crossing layer 3 boundaries is often a
necessity, especially in large deployments.
 The only way to maintain upper-layer
communications when crossing layer 3 subnets is
to provide either a Mobile IP solution or a
proprietary layer 3 roaming solution.

 Mobile IP is an Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) standard protocol that allows
mobile device users to move from one layer
3 network to another while maintaining their
original IP address. Mobile IP is defined in
IETF request for comment (RFC) 3344.
 Mobile IP and proprietary solutions both use
some type of tunneling method and IP
header encapsulation to allow packets to
traverse between separate layer 3 domains
with the goal of maintaining upper-layer
communications.
 We are not going deep into this, however, most
wireless switches and controllers now support
some type of layer 3 roaming solution.
 While maintaining upper-layer connectivity is
possible with these layer 3 roaming solutions,
increased latency is often an issue.
 Additionally, it may not be a requirement for your
network. Even if there are layer 3 boundaries, your
users may not need to seamlessly roam between
subnets. Before you go to all the hassle of building
a roaming solution, be sure to properly define your
requirements.

Co-Channel Interference
 The 802.11b and 802.11g amendments

require 25 MHz of separation between the
center frequencies of HR-DSSS channels to
be considered non-overlapping.
 The 802.11g amendment also requires 20
MHz of separation between the center
frequencies of ERP-OFDM channels.

 In Figure 5, only channels 1, 6, and 11 can
meet these IEEE requirements in the 2.4
GHz ISM band in the United States if 3
channels are needed. Channels 2 and 7 are
non-overlapping, as well as 3 and 8, 4 and
9, and 5 and 10.

 The important thing to remember is that
there must be 5 channels of separation in
adjacent coverage cells. Some countries
use all 14 channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM
band, but due to positioning of the center
frequencies, no more than 3 channels can
be used while still avoiding frequency
overlap. Even if all 14 channels are
available, most countries still choose to use
channels 1, 6, and 11.

 When designing a wireless LAN, you need
overlapping coverage cells in order to provide for
roaming.
 However, the overlapping cells should not have
overlapping frequencies, and only channels 1, 6,
and 11 should be used in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in
the United States to get the most available, non-
overlapping channels.
 Overlapping coverage cells with overlapping
frequencies causes what is known as co-channel
interference (CCI), which causes a severe
degradation in performance and throughput.

 If overlapping coverage cells also have
frequency overlap, frames will become
corrupted, retransmissions will increase, and
throughput will suffer significantly.
 In the following slides, we will discuss
channel reuse patterns that are used to
mitigate co-channel interference.

 As defined by the IEEE, there are currently 12
channels available in the 5 GHz UNII bands.
 These 12 channels are technically considered
non-overlapping channels because there is 20
MHz of separation between the center
frequencies. However, in reality there will also be
some frequency overlap of the sidebands of each
ERP-OFDM channel.
 The good news is that you are not limited to 3
channels and all 12 channels can be used in a
channel reuse pattern, as we will explain later.

 In Figure 6, the United States and other
countries have designated more license-free
frequency space in the 5 GHz range and 11
more channels have been approved for use.
In some countries, 802.11a radio cards will
soon have the ability to transmit on a total of
23 channels.

Channel Reuse
 One of the most common mistakes many

businesses make when first deploying a
WLAN is to configure multiple access points
all on the same channel. This will of course
cause co-channel interference and degrade
performance significantly. To avoid co-
channel interference, a channel reuse
design is necessary.

 Once again, overlapping RF coverage cells
are needed for roaming but overlap
frequencies must be avoided.
 The only three channels that meet these
criteria in the 2.4 GHz ISM band are
channels 1, 6, and 11 in the United States.
Overlapping coverage cells therefore should
be placed in a channel reuse pattern similar
to the one shown in Figure 7

Fig 7
802.11 b/g channel reuse

 Channel reuse patterns should also be used
in the 5 GHz UNII bands.
 All 12 802.11a channels can be used, as
shown in Figure 8.
 Due to the frequency overlap of channel
sidebands, there should always be at least 2
cells between access points on the same
channel. It is also a recommend practice
that any adjacent cells use a frequency that
is at least 2 channels apart and not use an
adjacent frequency.
Fig 8
802.11a channel reuse

 It is necessary to always think three-
dimensional when designing a channel
reuse pattern. If access points are deployed
on multiple floors in the
same building, a reuse
pattern will be necessary,
such as the one shown
in Figure 9.

 A common mistake is to deploy a cookie-
cutter design by performing a site survey on
only one floor and then placing the access
points on the same channels and same
locations on each floor.
 A site survey must be performed on all
floors, and the access points often need to
be staggered to allow for a three-
dimensional reuse pattern.

 Also, the coverage cells of each access
point should not extend beyond more than
one floor above and below the floor on
which the access point is mounted.
 It is inappropriate to always assume that the
coverage bleed over to other floors will
provide sufficient signal strength and quality.
In some cases, the floors are concrete or
steel and allow very little, if any, signal
coverage through.
 As a result, a survey is absolutely required.

 Many enterprise access points currently
have dual radio card capabilities, allowing
for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz wireless
networks to be deployed at the same.
 The 802.11a radio in an access point
transmits at 5 GHz, and the signal will
attenuate faster than the signal that is being
transmitted at 2.4 GHz from the 802.11b/g
radio card.

 Therefore, when performing a site survey for
deploying dual frequency WLANs, it is a
recommended practice to perform the 5
GHz site survey first and determine the
placement of the access points.
 Once those locations are identified, channel
reuse patterns will have to be used for each
respective frequency.
 In some cases, only the 802.11a radio will
be active.

Hidden Node
 What is a CCA (clear channel assessment)?
 The CCA involves listening for 802.11 RF transmissions at
the Physical layer, and the medium must be clear before a
station can transmit.
 The problem with physical carrier-sense is that all stations
may not be able to hear each other. Remember that the
medium is half-duplex and, at any given time, only one
radio card can be transmitting.
 What would happen, however, if one client station that was
about to transmit performed a CCA but did not hear
another station that was already transmitting? If the station
that was about to transmit did not detect any RF energy
during the CCA, it will also transmit.

 The problem is that you now have two
stations transmitting at the same time. The
end result is a collision, and the frames will
become corrupted.
 The frames will have to be retransmitted.
 The hidden node problem occurs when one
client station’s transmissions are unheard by
any or all the other client stations in the
basic service set (BSS).

 In Figure 10 you see the coverage area of
an access point. Note that a thick block wall
resides between one client station and all of
the other client stations that are associated
to the access point.

 The RF transmissions of the lone station on
the other side of the wall cannot be heard by
all of the other 802.11 client stations even
though all the stations can hear the AP.
 That unheard station is the hidden node.
What keeps occurring is that every time the
hidden node transmits, another station is
also transmitting and a collision occurs.

 The hidden node continues to have
collisions with the transmissions from all the
other stations that cannot hear it during the
clear channel assessment. The collisions
continue on a regular basis and so do
retransmissions, with the final result being a
decrease in throughput.
 A hidden node can drive retransmission
rates above 15 to 20 percent or even higher.
Retransmissions, of course, will affect
throughput.

The hidden node problem may exist because of
several reasons.
 Poor WLAN design often leads to a hidden node
problem.
 Obstacles such as a newly constructed wall or
newly installed bookcase can cause a hidden
node problem.
 A user moving behind some sort of obstacle can
cause a hidden node problem.
 Users with wireless desktops often place their
radio card underneath a metal desk and effectively
transform that radio card into an unheard hidden
node.

 The hidden node problem can also
occur when two client stations are at
opposite ends of an RF coverage cell
and they cannot hear each other, as
seen in Figure 11

 This often happens when coverage cells are too
large as a result of the access point’s radio
transmitting at too much power.
 As I mentioned earlier, it is a recommended
practice to disable the data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps
on an 802.11b/g access point if you are planning
for capacity. Another reason for disabling those
data rates is that a 1 and 2 Mbps coverage cell at
2.4 GHz can be quite large and often results in
hidden nodes. If hidden node problems occur in a
network planned for coverage, then RTS/CTS may
be needed. This will be discussed in detail later.

 Another cause of the hidden node problem is
distributed antenna systems. Some manufacturers
design distributed systems, which are basically
made up of a long coaxial cable with multiple
antenna elements. Each antenna in the distributed
system has its own coverage area.
 Many companies purchase distributed antenna
systems for cost-saving purposes, but a hidden
node problem as shown in Figure 12 will almost
always occur.
 Distributed antenna systems and leaky cable
systems should always be avoided.

Fig 12
Hidden node—distributed antenna
system

 So how do you troubleshoot a hidden node
problem? If your end users complain of a
degradation of throughput, one possible
cause is a hidden node.
 A protocol analyzer is a useful tool in
determining hidden node issues. If the
protocol analyzer indicates a high
retransmission rate for the MAC address of
one station, chances are a hidden node has
been found.
 Go to Google and search for “protocol
analyzer”
 Some protocol analyzers even have hidden
node alarms based on retransmission
thresholds. Another way is to use request to
send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) to diagnose
the problem.
 Try lowering the RTS/CTS threshold on a
suspected hidden node to about 500 bytes.
This level may need to be adjusted
depending on what type of traffic is being
used.

 For instance, let’s say you have deployed a
terminal emulation application in a
warehouse environment and a hidden node
problem exists.
 In this case, the RTS/CTS threshold should
be set for a much lower size, such as 30
bytes. Use a protocol analyzer to determine
the appropriate size.
 RTS/CTS is a method in which client
stations can reserve the medium. In Figure
13 you see a hidden node initiating an
RTS/CTS exchange.
Fig 13
Hidden node and RTS/CTS

 The stations on the other side of the obstacle may
not hear the RTS frame, but they will hear the CTS
frame sent by the access point. The stations that
hear the CTS frame will reset their NAV for the
period of time necessary for the hidden node to
transmit the data frame and receive its ACK frame.
Implementing RTS/CTS on a hidden node will
reserve the medium and force all other stations to
pause, thus the collisions and retransmissions will
stop.
 Collisions and retransmissions as a result of a
hidden node will cause throughput to decrease.

 RTS/CTS normally decreases throughput as
well. However, if RTS/CTS is implemented
on a suspected hidden node, throughput will
probably increase due to the stoppage of
the collisions and retransmissions.
 If you implement RTS/CTS on a suspected
hidden node and throughput increases, you
have confirmed the existence of a hidden
node.

 RTS/CTS should normally not be viewed as a
mechanism to fix the hidden node problem.
RTS/CTS can be a temporary fix for the hidden
node problem but should normally just be used for
diagnostic purposes.
 One exception to that rule is Point-to-
MultiPoint(PMP) bridging. The non-root bridges in
a PMP scenario will not be able to hear each other
because they are miles apart.
 RTS/CTS should be implemented on non-root
PMP bridges to eliminate collisions caused by
hidden node bridges that cannot hear each other.
If non-802.11 bridges are used, this may be an
inherent feature.

The following methods can be used to fix a hidden
node problem:
 Use RTS/CTS to diagnose. Use either a
protocol analyzer or RTS/CTS to diagnose the
hidden node problem.
 Increase power to all stations. Most client
stations have a fixed transmission power output.
However, if power output is adjustable on the
client side, increasing the transmission power of
client stations will increase the transmission range
of each station. If the transmission range of all
stations is increased, the likelihood of the stations
hearing each other also increases.

 Remove the obstacles. If it is determined that
some sort of obstacle is preventing client stations
from hearing each other, simply removing the
obstacle will solve the problem. Obviously, you
cannot remove a wall, but if a metal desk or file
cabinet is the obstacle, then it can be moved to
resolve the problem.
 Move the hidden node station. If one or two
stations are in an area where they become
unheard, simply moving them within transmission
range of the other stations will solve the problem.

 Add another access point. If moving the
hidden nodes is not an option, adding
another access point in the hidden area to
provide coverage will also rectify the
problem.

Near/Far
 Most client stations have a fixed power output.
However, the transmission power can be
configured on some vendors’ client radios.
 A low-powered client station that is a great
distance from the access point could potentially
become an unheard client if other high-powered
stations are very close to the access point.
 The transmissions of the high-powered stations
could raise the noise floor to a higher level that
would prevent the lower-powered station from
being heard,

 as seen in Figure 14. This scenario is
referred to as the near/far problem.

 The half-duplex nature of the medium
usually prevents most near/far occurrences,
but you can troubleshoot near/far with a
protocol analyzer by looking at the frame
transmissions of the suspected far station. A
near/far problem exists if the frame
transmissions of the far station are
corrupted when listened to with the protocol
analyzer near the access point but are not
corrupted when listened to with the protocol
analyzer near the far station.

If a near/far situation does exist, the following
solutions can be used to correct the
problem:
 Decrease power to the near stations.
 Increase power to the remote station.
 Move the remote station closer to the
access point.
 Add another access point near the far node.

 Please understand that the medium access
methods employed by Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) usually averts the near/far
problem and that it is not as common a
problem of, say, hidden node or roaming
issues.

Interference
 Various types of interference can greatly
affect the performance of an 802.11 WLAN.
 Interfering devices may actually prevent an
802.11 radio from transmitting. If another RF
source is transmitting with strong amplitude,
an 802.11 radio can sense the energy
during the clear channel assessment (CCA)
and defer transmission entirely.
 The other typical result of interference is that
802.11 frame transmissions become
corrupted.
 If frames are corrupted due to interference, there
will be excessive retransmissions and therefore
throughput will be reduced significantly.
There are several different types of interference:
 Physical interference Although physical
interference is not technically a source of RF
interference, physical obstructions can indeed
disrupt and corrupt an 802.11 signal. An example
of this would be the scattering effect caused by a
chain-link fence or safety glass with wire mesh.
The signal is scattered and rendered useless. The
only way to eliminate physical interference is to
remove the obstruction or add more APs.
 Narrowband interference A narrowband RF
signal occupies a smaller and finite frequency
space and will not cause a denial of service (DoS)
for an entire band such as the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
A narrowband signal is usually very high amplitude
and will absolutely disrupt communications in the
frequency space in which it is being transmitted.
Narrowband signals can disrupt one or several
802.11 channels. The only way to eliminate
narrowband interference is to locate the source of
the interfering device with a spectrum analyzer. To
work around interference, use a spectrum
analyzer to determine the affected channels and
then design the channel reuse plan around the
interfering narrowband signal.

Wideband interference:
 A source of interference is normally
considered wideband if the transmitting
signal has the capabilities of disrupting the
communications of an entire frequency
band. Wideband jammers exist that can
create a complete DoS for the 2.4 GHz ISM
band.
 The only way to eliminate wideband
interference is to locate the source of the
interfering device with a spectrum analyzer
and remove the interfering device.
 All-band interference:
 The term all-band interference is normally associated with
frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
communications that disrupt HR-DSSS and/or ERP-OFDM
channel communications.
 FHSS constantly hops across an entire band intermittingly
transmitting on very small subcarriers of frequency space.
A legacy 802.11 FHSS radio, for example, transmits on 1
MHz hops. While hopping and dwelling, an FHSS device
will transmit in sections of the frequency space occupied by
an HR-DSSS or ERP-OFDM channel. Although a FHSS
device will not cause a denial of service, the frame
transmissions from the HR-DSSS and ERP-OFDM devices
can be corrupted from the all-band transmissions of the
FHSS interfering radio.

 Corruption results in retransmissions, which of course
results in decreased throughput.
 Bluetooth (BT) is a short distance RF technology defined
by the 802.15 standard. Bluetooth uses FHSS and hops
across the 2.4 GHz ISM band at 1,600 hops per second.
Older Bluetooth devices were known to cause all-band
interference. Newer Bluetooth devices utilize adaptive
mechanisms to avoid interfering with 802.11 WLANs. A
now-defunct WLAN technology known as HomeRF also
used FHSS; therefore HomeRF devices can potentially
cause all-band interference.
 Some other all-band interferers are FHSS cordless phones
and FHSS cordless headsets.
 The only way to eliminate narrowband interference is to
locate the source of the interfering device with a spectrum
analyzer and remove the interfering device.

Inter-symbol interference:
 multipath can cause inter-symbol interference (ISI), which
causes data corruption. Because of the difference in time
between the primary signal and the reflected signals known
as the delay spread, along with the fact that there may be
multiple reflected signals, the receiver can have problems
demodulating the RF signal’s information. The delay
spread time differential results in corrupted data. Many of
the negative effects of multipath, including inter-symbol
interference, can be compensated for with the use of
antenna diversity.
 Using unidirectional antennas in areas such as hallways,
long corridors, and where metal racks are present can cut
down on reflections and hopefully reduce mutipath. ERP-
OFDM technology is also more resistant to multipath than
DSSS.

 Numerous devices, including cordless phones,
microwave ovens, and fluorescent bulbs, can
cause RF interference and degrade the
performance of an 802.11 WLAN. The 2.4 GHz
ISM band is extremely crowded, with many known
interfering devices. Interfering devices also
transmit in the 5 GHz UNII bands, but the 2.4 GHz
frequency space is much more crowded. Often the
biggest source of interference is signals from
nearby WLANs. The tool that is necessary to
locate sources of interference is a spectrum
analyzer.

Performance
 When designing and deploying a WLAN, you will
always be concerned about both coverage and
capacity. Various factors can affect the coverage
range of a wireless cell, and just as many factors
can affect the aggregate throughput in an 802.11
WLAN. The following variables can affect the
range of a WLAN:
 Transmission power rates The original
transmission amplitude (power) will have an
impact on the range of an RF cell. An access point
transmitting at 30 mW will have a larger coverage
zone than an access point transmitting a 1 mW
assuming that the same antenna is used.

 Antenna gain Antennas are passive gain
devices that focus the original signal. An access
point transmitting at 30 mW with a 6 dBi antenna
will have greater range than it would if it used only
a 3 dBi antenna.
 Antenna type Antennas have different coverage
patterns. Using the right antenna will give the
greatest coverage and reduce multipath and
nearby interference.
 Wavelength Higher frequency signals have a
smaller wavelength property and will attenuate
faster than a lower frequency signal with a larger
wavelength. 2.4 GHz access points have greater
range than 5 GHz access points.

 Free space path loss In any RF environment, free space
path loss (FSPL) attenuates the signal as a function of
distance and frequency.
 Physical environment Walls and other obstacles will
attenuate an RF signal due to absorption and other RF
propagation behaviors. A building with concrete walls will
require more access points than a building with drywall
because concrete is denser and attenuates the signal
faster than drywall.
 As I always say, proper WLAN design must take into
account both coverage and capacity. The above-mentioned
variables all affect range so therefore also affect coverage.
Capacity performance considerations are equally as
important as range considerations.
 Please remember that 802.11 data rates are considered
bandwidth and not throughput. The following are among
the many variables that can affect the throughput of a
WLAN:

 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) The medium access method that uses
interframe spacing, physical carrier sense, virtual carrier
sense and the random backoff timer creates overhead and
consumes bandwidth. The overhead due to medium
contention usually is 50 percent or greater.
 Encryption Extra overhead is added to the body of an
802.11 data frame whenever encryption is implemented.
WEP/RC4 encryption adds an extra 8 bytes of overhead
per frame, TKIP/RC4 encryption adds an extra 20 bytes of
overhead per frame, and CCMP/AES encryption adds an
extra 16 bytes of overhead per frame. Layer 3 VPNs often
use DES or 3DES encryption, both of which consume
significant bandwidth.

 Application use Different types of applications
will have variant affects in bandwidth consumption.
VoWiFi and data collection scanning typically do
not require a lot of bandwidth. Other applications
that require file transfers or database access often
are more bandwidth intensive.
 Number of clients Remember that the WLAN is
a shared medium. All throughput is aggregate and
all available bandwidth is shared.
 Interference All types of interference can cause
frames to become corrupted. If frames are
corrupted, they will need to be retransmitted and
throughput will be affected.

Weather
When deploying a wireless mesh network
outdoors or perhaps an outdoor bridge link,
a WLAN administrator must take into
account the adverse affect of weather
conditions. The following three weather
conditions must be considered:
 Lightning Direct and indirect lightning
strikes can damage WLAN equipment.
Lightning arrestors should be used for
protection against transient currents.
Solutions such as lightning rods or
copper/fiber transceivers may offer
protection against lightning strikes.
 Wind Due to the long distances and narrow
beamwidths, highly directional antennas are
susceptible to movement or shifting caused by
wind. Even slight movement of a highly directional
antenna can cause the RF beam to be aimed
away from the receiving antenna, interrupting the
communications. In high-wind environments, a
grid antenna will typically remain more stabile than
a parabolic dish. Other mounting options may be
necessary to stabilize the antennas from
movement.

 Water Conditions such as rain, snow, and
fog present two unique challenges. First, all
outdoor equipment must be protected from
damage from exposure to water. Water
damage is often a serious problem with
cabling and connectors. Connectors should
be protected with drip loops and coax seal
to prevent water damage. Cables and
connectors should be checked on a regular
basis for damage.

 Outdoor bridges, access points, and mesh routers
should be protected from the weather elements
using appropriate National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) enclosure
units. Precipitation can also cause an RF signal to
attenuate. A torrential downpour can attenuate a
signal as much as .08 dB per mile (.05 dB per
kilometer) in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
frequency ranges. Over long-distance bridge links,
a system operating margin (SOM) of 20 dB is
usually recommended to compensate for
attenuation due to rain or fog or snow.

 Air stratification A change in air temperature at
high altitudes is known as air stratification
(layering). Changes in air temperature can cause
refraction. Bending of RF signals over long-
distance point-to-point links can cause
misalignment and performance issues. K-factor
calculations may be necessary to compensate for
refraction over long-distance links.
 UV/sun UV rays and ambient heat from rooftops
can damage cables over time unless proper cable
types are used.

Scenario One
 You have 20 wireless LAN users and one access point
using the 802.11g standard. Recently, your users have
started complaining about decreases in network
performance. The complaints are network-wide and not
confined to a particular area. You decided to measure
background noise on a Friday when no one is using the
wireless LAN. The spectrum analyzer reveals noise
across the entire 2.4GHz spectrum.
 What type of interference is this?
 List two possible solutions to this problem.
 A: All-band
 A: Remove the source of the interference, which could
be an old microwave oven, and change to 802.11a
equipment.

Scenario Two
 Your company has implemented wireless
bridging between two building. The access
points are indoors and the antennas are
outdoors on the roof. Communications between
the buildings were fine until a severe
thunderstorm occurred a few days ago. Now,
you calculate that you are only getting about 10
percent of rated bandwidth. You suspect the
storm may be related to your bandwidth
problem. The storm produced lighting, heavy
rains, and high winds.
 List two ways the storm may have degraded
your wireless network performance.
 How will you determine if either of these two
possibilities created the problem?
 Lightning strike nearby, wind blowing
antennas out of alignment
 Check lightning arrestor, realign antennas

Scenario Three
 Due to increasing wireless LAN usage, the AUD
has recently purchased and installed two
additional Cisco 1200 access points. AUD now
has three access points, all using the 802.11b
standard. Unfortunately, the installation of the two
additional access points has resulted in an overall
bandwidth decrease for users rather than an
increase. You have been hired by the AUD to
troubleshoot and solve the problem.
 What do you suspect is the problem and why?
 List three possible solutions to this problem.

 Adjacent channel or co-channel
interference because throughput is going
down instead of up
 Use two access points instead of three, use
channels 1, 6, and 11, change to 802.11a
equipment

Scenario Four
 You have implemented an 802.11a wireless LAN
at your company. Overall, users appear to be
satisfied except Ali and Mo, who work in the
library. You have tried moving the access point
from its location against a column to a position
higher up and against the ceiling. In general, the
users all noticed an improvement except Ali and
Mo. You were going to check the setup on their
laptops but changed your mind when they said
they have no problems unless they are both in
their office and connected to the wireless LAN at
the same time.
 List three possible solutions for this problem.
 Hidden node, because no one else is
affected, and Veronica and Adrienne are
only affected when using clients at the same
time
 RTS/CTS, increase power, move users or
move obstruction

Scenario Five
 You have been hired by the Fish Restaurant to
implement an outdoor wireless hot spot for
patrons to use while eating outside on the deck,
or while dockside on their boats. Upon testing
the new wireless system, you noticed you are
only getting about 20 percent of rated bandwidth
at the dockside location. Communications
between the deck location and the access point
appear to be performing normally. The end of
the dock is approximately 50 m from the access
point. Network Stumbler indicates no other
wireless LANs in the area.
 List the typical solution for this problem.
 Multipath off lake, because there is no other
source of throughput degradation
 Antenna diversity

Scenario Six
 You have been hired by ABM company to investigate
performance-related complaints by some wireless users.
You study the wireless site survey that done by the
company’s IT Department and conclude that the survey
was done correctly, and that all users, regardless of their
location in the building, should have consistent and
reliable wireless access. You interview the five users
who have been complaining and discover there is no
problem when they are within 30 m of the access point,
but when they move beyond that distance,
communications become unstable and sometimes they
cannot associate with the access point. No other users
report communications problems, regardless of where
they use their wireless devices in the building.
 What do you suspect and why?
 What do you recommend to solve the problem?

 Near/far because it is related to range
 Increase the power of the access point or
the power of far nodes, or decrease the
power of near nodes

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WLAN Troubleshooting

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

 roaming is the method where client stations

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori

 The 802.11b and 802.11g amendments

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 One of the most common mistakes many

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