Department of Defense

Combating Trafficking in Persons

General Awareness Training Presentation 2020

 Warning!
The Department of Defense (DoD) Trafficking in Persons
General Awareness Training contains language and
images depicting physical violence and sexual violence
to accurately portray the nature of trafficking in
persons. DoD has determined that this level of candor
is necessary in order to properly convey the subject
matter.
 Introduction
In this course, you will learn:
• (1) What constitutes Trafficking in Persons (TIP), and the term “severe forms
• of trafficking in persons” as defined in Section 7102 of Title 22, U.S.C.
• (2) Why TIP occurs.
• (3) Who is involved in TIP.
• (4) How TIP occurs.
• (5) Methods in combating TIP.
• (6) TIP laws and policies.
• (7) The prevalence of DoD-related human trafficking.
• (8) How human trafficking can affect mission readiness.
• (9) The human trafficking concerns in the DoD.
• (10) The basic characteristics of human trafficking crimes.
• (11) Your role in combating human trafficking.
• (12) Reporting procedures for alleged TIP violations.
 What is Trafficking in Persons (TIP)?
The Trafficking Victims Protection ACT (TVPA) of 2000
defined “severe forms of trafficking” as:

Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex

act is induced by force, fraud, or
coercion, or in which
a person induced to perform such act
has not attained 18 years of age;
OR

The recruitment, harboring,

transportation, provision, or obtaining
of a person for labor or services, using
force, fraud, or coercion for the
purpose of subjection to involuntary
servitude, peonage,
debt bondage, or slavery
 Sex Trafficking
Sex trafficking is the Victims of sex trafficking can be found
• recruitment, anywhere, but are often found in:
• harboring, • Bars and Brothels
• transportation, • Dance clubs and strip clubs
• provision,
• Massage parlors and spas
• obtaining,
• patronizing, or • Escort services
• soliciting • Private parties
• Pornography industry
of a person for the purpose of
a commercial sex act.
 Sex Trafficking Case in DoD
In 2014, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) initiated
an investigation after receiving allegations that a Navy Petty
Officer was trafficking a minor for the purpose of prostitution in
GA, NC and VA. He connected with the minor online and drove
her to apartments where he sold her to other men for sex.

The petty officer pleaded guilty to transporting the minor

interstate to engage in racketeering and was sentenced to five
years’ confinement, three years of supervised probation, and
ordered to register as a sex offender.
 Labor Trafficking
Labor trafficking is the In the DoD, labor trafficking occurs
• recruitment, most often in contracts that cover
• harboring, labor intensive industries such as:
• transportation, • Food services
• provision, or • Janitorial and disposal services
• obtaining • Truck and driver services
of a person using force, fraud, or • Security guards
coercion to compel labor or services. • Construction work

It includes:
• involuntary servitude,
• peonage,
• debt bondage,
• and/or slavery.
 Labor Trafficking Case in DoD
In 2012, the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) conducted an audit in
response to a report from a Service member about contractor employees being
beaten by their employer. When auditors investigated, they discovered worker
safety issues including substandard housing conditions such as unsanitary water,
cockroach infestation, no working fire extinguishers, and a large hole in the roof.
In addition, four individuals were found locked in rooms. DCMA documented a
total of eight non-conformances at the site.

After a second audit, DCMA issued a Corrective Action Request (CAR) to the prime
contractor and submitted a report for a possible criminal investigation. The prime
contractor responded quickly to the issues with the subcontractor to correct the
non-conformances. DCMA followed up to ensure that the subcontractor had
corrected the issues and closed the case the next year.
 Child Soldiering
The term child soldier means:
• Any person under 18 years of age who takes direct
part in hostilities as a member of governmental
armed forces.
• Any person under 18 years of age who has been
compulsorily recruited into governmental armed
forces.
• Any person under 15 years of age who has been
voluntarily recruited into governmental armed
forces.
• Any person under 18 years of age who has been
recruited or used in hostilities by armed forces
distinct from the armed forces of a state.

Child soldiers are forced to fight but also used as

cooks, porters, spies, couriers, medics, guards,
and sex slaves.
 Child Soldier Case Affecting DoD

In 2012, armed terrorist groups in Afghanistan reportedly

recruited and used 47 children as child soldiers. They used most
of the children to manufacture and plant improvised explosive
devices and to transport provisions. At least 10 children were
used to conduct suicide attacks.
That year, a 16-year-old boy killed himself while conducting a
suicide attack at the entrance to the International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) headquarters in Kabul. During the attack,
seven children were killed and two others were injured.
 
 Question 1
Which of the following describe a victim of human trafficking?
Select all that apply:
A. A person who was compelled to perform labor or
commercial sex using force, fraud, or coercion
B. A 16-year old child compulsorily recruited to fight in
governmental armed forces.
C. A minor engaged in commercial sex
D. A person who consented to work, but fraud and coercion
were used to get that consent
 Why Trafficking in Persons Occurs
There are two main reasons
trafficking occurs:
• Traffickers fill a demand for sex
or labor, by selling vulnerable
people, such as women and
children
• Terrorists, organized crime,
and extremist groups use
human trafficking to fund their
operations and further their
criminal enterprises
 How Trafficking in Persons Occurs
Action Means** For Purpose of

• Recruiting Through: • Forced Labor

• Harboring • Force • Involuntary
• Transporting Servitude
• Fraud
• Providing • Debt Bondage
• • Coercion • Slavery
Obtaining
• Patronizing or ** Minors induced • Commercial
into commercial Sex
Soliciting * sex are TIP victims
– regardless of
a person force, fraud, or
coercion

*for sex trafficking only

 Who are the Victims? Who are the Traffickers?
Victims can be: Traffickers can be:

• Any gender, age, race, nationality, • Members of organized crime

social status, economic or groups
immigration status • Terrorist organizations
• Female or male • Gangs and warlords
• Adult or child • Foreign national or U.S. citizen
• Foreign national or U.S. citizen • Male or female
• Homeless youth • Pimps
• Undocumented migrants • Business Owners
• People displaced by civil conflicts • Family members
and natural disasters • Service members, DoD civilians,
• Service members, DoD civilians, and DoD contractors, DoD family
and DoD contractor employees, members
DoD family members
 TIP Prevalence
Department of Defense Scope
• In FY 2018 alone, there were 141 reports of
alleged sex or labor trafficking or trafficking-
related cases in the DoD
• Since FY 2014, DoD has taken disciplinary action,
including prosecutions and courts martial, on
over 350 trafficking or trafficking-related cases of
DoD members involved as traffickers and buyers
 Question 2
Victims of trafficking can be:
Select all that apply:
A. Any gender, age, race, nationality, social status, economic or
immigration status
B. Female or male
C. Adult or child
D. Foreign national or U.S. citizen
 Effects on Mission Readiness

Terrorists,
organized crime,
Children are
and extremist
being trafficked
groups use
to serve as child
trafficking to
soldiers
fund their crimes

Sex traffickers
Contracted
near military
employees
installations
subjected to
target service
unfair treatment
members
 What is a “Gross Violation of Human Rights (GVHR)?”
GVHRs are human rights abuses carried out by foreign security
forces under “color of law,” meaning while on duty, and include:
• Torture
• Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
• Prolonged detention without charges and trial,
• Abduction and clandestine detention, and other flagrant
denial of the right to life, liberty, or the security of person.” 
• Extrajudicial killing
• Sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, and rape
 Reporting GVHR
• Report all suspected abuses through Chain
of Command or Inspector General
• Follow command/agency reporting
procedures
 Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000
• Establishes a whole of government approach to combating
trafficking in persons.
• Sets a 3P framework:
• Prevention: Encourages education, awareness and training to
understand trafficking, identify victims, and respond
appropriately
• Prosecution: Encourages a vigorous law enforcement response
to traffickers
• Protection and assistance: Provides holistic services for
survivors
• TVPA was reauthorized in 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, and 2018.
 U.S. Government’s Zero Tolerance Policy
• The United States adopted a zero-tolerance policy with the
signing of the National Security Presidential Directive 22
(NSPD-22) in 2002.

• DoD Instruction 2200.01, “Combating Trafficking in Persons

(CTIP),” established DoD TIP policies, responsibilities, and
reporting requirement for promoting the U.S. Government’s
zero tolerance policy within the DoD. (first published in 2007,
updated in 2010, 2015, and 2019)
 Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Article 134
• Criminal code that applies to Service members, and in time of
declared war or a contingency operation, persons serving with or
accompanying U.S. Armed Forces in the field.
• Prosecutable offenses under UCMJ related to sex trafficking include:
• Prostitution
• Patronizing a prostitute
• Pandering by compelling
• Inducing, enticing, or procuring an act of prostitution
• Pandering by arranging or receiving consideration for arranging
for sexual intercourse or sodomy
 Question 3

True/False:
Trafficking in persons is not a problem
in the Department of Defense.
A. True
B. False
 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), 2013
Title XVII, “Ending Trafficking in Government Contracting”
• Allows the government to terminate a contract if the prime or subcontractor
commits acts that directly support or advance trafficking in persons. Such acts
include:
• Confiscating an employee’s identity or immigration documents
• Failing to provide return transportation or pay for return transportation
costs
• Offering employment using fraudulent or misleading pretenses
• Providing housing that fails to meet the host country’s housing and safety
standards
• Charging recruitment fees
• Imposes monitoring, reporting, and compliance plan requirements on DoD to
ensure the U.S. government taxpayer money does not support human
trafficking
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Subpart 22.17,
“Combating Trafficking in Persons”
During the performance of the contract, contractors, contractor
employees, and their agents shall not:

• Engage in severe forms of trafficking in persons;

• Procure commercial sex acts;
• Use forced labor;
• Destroy, conceal, confiscate, or otherwise deny access by an
employee to the employee’s identity or immigration documents.
• Charge Recruitment Fees to employees or prospective employees
 Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (JVTA)
The JVTA (2015) enhances victims services and increases training
for federal personnel. Provisions include:
• Increases penalties for traffickers and buyers
• Expands the definition of sex trafficking to those
patronizing a prostitute and soliciting commercial sex
• Requires DoD to provide DOJ with sex offender registration
information for persons required to register who are
released from military corrections facilities or convicted
under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and
sentences without confinement
TIP Concerns in DoD’s Areas of Responsibility
 TIP Concerns in DoD’s Areas of Responsibility
• AFRICOM: One type of human trafficking in AFRICOM is child
soldiering, which is a problem in Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia,
Sudan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo. According to UNICEF, there are more than 17,000 child
soldiers in South Sudan alone. These children fight for both
rebel forces and the government.
• EUCOM: Many countries have legalized prostitution and U.S.
military members can be prime targets for the sex industry.
DoD members in the area need to remember even though
prostitution is legal in these countries, it is a punishable offense
in the UCMJ, Article 134 ,which prohibits patronizing a
prostitute.
 TIP Concerns in DoD’s Areas of Responsibility
• CENTCOM: Other country nationals working for contractors
are vulnerable to deceptive hiring practices, substandard
living conditions, unsafe or hazardous working conditions, and
other forms of abuse. These workers can become an unstable
element (insider threat) on military installations.
• PACOM: Approximately two thirds of the estimated victims of
human trafficking are in the Indo-Asia Pacific region, or reside
within the U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility. U.S.
military personnel can be prime targets for the sex industry in
this region, with prostitution being a very common
occurrence.
 TIP Concerns in DoD’s Areas of Responsibility

• NORTHCOM: Children, including the children of military

members, may be prime targets for traffickers online, at
schools, or in neighborhoods. Traffickers have moved to
sophisticated business models involving new technologies
including smartphones, social media, and specialized apps.

• SOUTHCOM: While trafficking crimes occur within the region,

Latin America is a primary source region for victims trafficked to
the U.S., including by transnational criminal networks such as
MS-13.
 Take Appropriate Reporting Action
• If you suspect a trafficking in persons
situation, REPORT IT IMMEDIATELY TO
THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY
• Report to:
• Chain of Command

• Department of Defense Inspector

General (IG) Hotline: 1-800-424-9098,
or visit http://www.dodig.mil/hotline/)
• National Human Trafficking Resource
Center: 1-888-373-7888
 Your Role
• Report anything suspicious that you see to your
Chain of Command, your local DoD IG office, or use
the DoD IG Hotline
• Report and Avoid any establishments or persons that
you believe may be involved in TIP
• Never act ALONE, you may want to help, but
trafficking situations are dangerous
HELP STOP TRAFFICKING.
REPORT SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
 Question 4
If you suspect a trafficking in persons situation, what
should you do?
Select all that apply:
A. Investigate the situation further
B. Report the incident through your chain of command
and local or command-level Inspector General’s
office
C. Contact the DoD IG Hotline
D. Confront the suspected traffickers
 Conclusion
Congratulations!
You have completed the Department of Defense Trafficking in Persons General
Awareness Training. You have learned:
(1) What constitutes TIP. To utilize the term “severe forms of trafficking in persons,” as defined in
Section 7102 of Title 22, U.S.C.
(2) Why TIP occurs.
(3) Who is involved in TIP.
(4) How TIP occurs.
(5) Methods in combating TIP.
(6) TIP laws and policies.
(7) The prevalence of DoD-related human trafficking.
(8) How human trafficking can affect mission readiness.
(9) The human trafficking concerns in the DoD.
(10) The basic characteristics of human trafficking crimes.
(11) Your role in combating human trafficking.
(12) Reporting procedures for alleged TIP violations.
 Resources
For more information on:
• Laws and regulations
• Curriculum toolkits
• Learning objectives
• Awareness materials
• Reports and documents

Visit: http://ctip.defense.gov
 Department of Defense
Combating Trafficking in Persons

This is to certify that

has successfully completed the CTIP training requirement

LindaK.Dixon
Linda K. Dixon,
DOD Certified Program Manager,
IAW DODI 2200.01 Combating Trafficking in Persons Program Office