CHAPTER

4
INTERNET OF
THINGS
 What is IoT?
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network
of physical objects(things) that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems over the internet.

 without requiring human-to-human or human-to-

computer interaction IOT is a network of devices
that can sense, accumulate and transfer data over
the internet without any human intervention.
 Cont…

 Medical devices, such as a heart monitor implant or a

biochip transponder in a farm animal can transfer data over
a network and are members of the IOT.

 The IOT consists of a gigantic network of internet

connected “things” and devices.
E.g. Ring, a doorbell that links to your smartphone,
provides an excellent example of a recent addition
to the Internet of Things means Ring signals you
when the doorbell is pressed and lets you see who it
is and to speak with them.
Important features of internet
of things

• Artificial intelligence
• Connectivity
• Sensors
• Active engagement and
• Small device
 • Artificial Intelligence
 IoT makes anything virtually “smart”, meaning it
enhances every aspect of life with the power of
data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms,
and networks.

• Connectivity
 New enabling technologies for networking and
specially IOT networking , mean networks are no
longer exclusively tied to major provides
therefore IOT creates these small networks
between its system devices.
 • Sensors
 IOT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining
instruments that transform from standard passive network of
device in to an active system cabling of real world integration.

• Active Engagement
 IOT introduce a new paradigm for active content ,
product ,or service engagement rather than passive
engagement.
• Small Device
 Those devices has become smaller, cheaper and more
powerful over time, so IOT exploits purpose built small
devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.
 History of IoT
 The Internet of Things has not been around for very long.
 since the early 1800s there have been visions of machines
communicating with one another.
 In 1830s and 1840s Machines have been providing direct
communications since the telegraph (the first landline) was
developed.
 In June 3, 1900, Described as “wireless telegraphy,” the
first radio voice transmission took place, providing another
necessary component for developing the Internet of Things.
 In 1950s The development of computers began .
 In 1962 The Internet, itself a significant component of the
IOT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency) and evolved into ARPANET in
1969.
 Cont…..
 The traditional fields of automation (including the
automation of buildings and homes), wireless sensor
networks, GPS, control systems, and others, all support the
IoT.
 Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at
MIT, was the first to describe the Internet of Things,
during his 1999 speech.
 Kevin Ashton stated that Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) was a prerequisite for the Internet of Things. He
concluded if all devices were “tagged,” computers could
manage, track, and inventory them.
 To some extent, the tagging of things has been achieved
through technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes,
and QR codes.
 PROS AND CONS OF IoT
Advantages of IoT
 Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics
suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws in
accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.
IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and
more effective engagement with audiences

 Technology Optimization − The same technologies

and data which improve the customer experience also
improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of -
critical functional and field data.
 Cont…..
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of
improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world
information leading to the more effective
management of resources.

 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data

collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those
spaces and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyze our world. It allows an
accurate picture of everything.
 Disadvantage of IOT
 As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the potential that
a hacker could steal confidential information also
increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every
connected device will become corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility
for IoT, it’s difficult for devices from different
manufacturers to communicate with each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive
numbers maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting
and managing the data from all those devices will be
challenging.
 Challenges of IOT

 Security:
constantly connected devices
communicating over networks exposes
users to various kinds of security attack.

 Privacy:
substantial personal data in extreme detail
might leak without even the active
participation of users
 Complexity:
in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance use of multiple technologies
and a large set of new enabling
technologies.

 Compliance:
Its complexity makes the issue of
compliance seem incredibly challenging.
 HOW DOES IoT WORK?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart
devices. These devices collect, send and act on data
they acquire from their environments using their
 sensors
 embedded processors and
 communication hardware
 Cont…..
IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge
device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analyzed or analyzed locally.
 Architecture of IoT
An IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists
of hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.
The architecture of IoT devices comprises four
major components

 Sensing
 Network
 Data processing and
 Application layers
 1. Sensing Layer
 The main purpose of the sensing layer is
 To identify any phenomena in the devices
 To obtain data from the real world.

 This layer consists of several sensors.

 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that
accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a
device.
 Actuators can also interfere to change the physical conditions that
generate the data.
 An actuator might, for example, shut off a power supply, adjust an
airflow valve, or move a robotic gripper in an assembly process .
 There are three kinds of sensors in IoT device they are

A. Motion Sensors
 They can measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the
devices.
 There are two types of motions one can observe in a device: linear and
angular
 Linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device
 Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the device.

B. Environmental Sensors
 Sensors such as light sensors, pressure sensors etc are embedded in IoT
devices to sense the change in environmental parameters in the devices
peripheral.
 Its primary purpose is to help the devices to take autonomous decisions
according to the changes of a device’s peripheral
 For instance, environment sensors are used in many applications to improve
user experience (e.g. home automation systems, smart locks, smart lights)
C. Position sensors
Deal with the physical position and location of the device. The
most common position sensors used in IoT devices are Magnetic
sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.

 Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and help to

fix the orientation of the device display.
 Global Positioning System is used for navigation purposes in IoT
devices.
 2. Network Layer
 Acts as a communication channel to transfer data,
collected in the sensing layer, to other connected
devices.
 In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by
using diverse communication technologies to allow data
flow between other devices within the same network.
E.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWAVE, LoRa, cellular
network, etc.
 3. Data Processing Layer
 Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.
 It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses
the data to make decisions based on the result.
 In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub,
etc.), the data processing layer also saves the result of
the previous analysis to improve the user experience.
 This layer may share the result of data processing with
other connected devices via the network layer.
 4. Application Layer
 Implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to
accomplish different applications of IoT devices.
 It’s a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which includes
Smart home
Personal care
Smart transportation
Healthcare, etc.
 Device and Network
 Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device talks to
other related devices in an environment to automate home and industrial
tasks, and to communicate usable sensor data to users, businesses and
other interested parties.
 IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in industry
or in the enterprise.
 The devices can be categorized into three main groups: Consumer,
Enterprise and Industrial.
 Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys,
wearable, and smart appliances.
 Industrial and Enterprise IoT devices include smart meters, commercial
security systems and smart city technologies such as those used to
monitor traffic and weather conditions.
 IoT Tools and Platforms
 There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace,
offering remarkably similar capabilities and methods of deployment.
 These IoT platform solutions are based on IoT and cloud technology.
 They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home
automation, healthcare or automotive.

IoT Platform includes:

 KAA: Manage unlimited number of connected devices
 SiteWhere: run any number of IoT applications on single
SiteWhere instance
 ThingSpeak: collect data in private channels
 Zetta: supports a wide range of hacker boards
Areas where Internet of
Thing is Applicable
 1. IoT Based Smart Home

 Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and

monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or
over the web with no physical distance limitations.

 These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with

each other given the permanent availability to access the broadband
internet connection.
 Cont……..

Components those are included in smart home development

 Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
 Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability to
transmit data over long distances
 Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling
what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to
buy and with all the information available on a smartphone app and
also washing machine.
 Cont….

 Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems

making people feel safe in their daily life at home.
 Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and
door openings and violations to prevent intruders.
 Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply
consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and
resources, & many more.
 2. IOT based smart city

 The development of smart grids, data analytics,

and autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent
platform to deliver innovations in energy
management, traffic management, and security,
sharing the benefits of this technology
throughout society
 Cont…..
Components that are included in smart city development:

 Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material

conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments.
 Lighting: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
 Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available
in the city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest
available spaces
 Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers
to optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle
bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage
has put out.
 3. IOT based smart Farming
 Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.
 Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay,
straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.
 Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in
animal farms to ensure its survival and health.
 Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better
monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the
agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and
watering.
 Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation
and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from
excrements.