Electrostatic Precipitator: Welcome

WELCOME
TO PRESENTATION ON
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Presentation on
ELECTRO-STATIC PRECIPITATOR
BY:
PRATEET DARSHAN (JR. MANAGER)
The product of combustion in coal fed fires mainly consist of
solid material in suspension which mainly consist of:-
 1. Smoke
 2. Dust- It mainly consist of fine ash particles
called Fly-ash intermixed with some particles
of coal called ‘cinders’.
(Size of Dust particles are measured in Microns i.e. One millionth of a metre.)
WHY REMOVAL OF SMOKE?
 Smoke is produced due to incomplete
combustion of coal. This will create big
economic loss due to loss of the heating
value of coal.
 Smoky atmosphere is un-healthy.
 Smoke corrodes metal
 Darkens paint
 Gives lower grade of cleanliness
CLASSIFICATION OF DUST COLLECTORS
1. Mechanical Dust Collectors

a. Wet type (Scrubber type)
i. Spray type
ii. Packed type
iii. Impingent type
b. Dry type
a. Gravitation type
b. Cyclone separators
2. Electrical Dust Collectors

i. Rod type
ii. Plate type
(Electrical Dust collectors are also called Cottrell precipitators)

ELECTRO-STATIC PRECIPITATOR
Definition:
It is a device to precipitate suspended fly ash

and dust particles from the flue gas by
ionising the particles in an electric field and
collecting them subsequently on the
oppositely charged electric plates.
Principle behind ESP
 Precipitators function by electro-statically charging

the dust particles in the gas stream. The charged
particles are then attracted and deposited on plates
or other collection devices. The collectors are shaken
at regular interval to dislodge the dust, causing it to
fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The
dust is then removed by a conveyor system for
disposal.
Basic Elements of ESP
1 of 4
1. Source of High Voltage- Transformers/ Rectifiers

2 of 4
2. Ionizing and Collecting Electrodes

3 of 4
3. Dust removal mechanism- GD Rapping mechanism

4of 4
4. Shell for Housing the Elements

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The precipitation process involves 4 main
steps:-
 Ionization & Corona Generation
 Particle charging
 Particle collection
 Removal of particles
1. ESP - CORONA GENERATION
 Corona (Gas ionization) takes place from the negative

electrodes causing a steady stream of electrons and
negative ions to travel towards the collecting electrode.
The positive ions colliding with the surface of the
discharge electrode make enough radiation to trigger
local gas ionization
2. ESP - PARTICLE CHARGING
 The negative ions and free electrons travel

towards positive (CE) electrode. During that
time, the negative charges get attached to
the dust particles and thus the dust
particles are electrically charged
3.ESP - PARTICLE COLLECTION
4. ESP - REMOVAL OF PARTICLE
Particles it can separate

LEVEL INDICATOR
Fly-ash is collected in the number of
hoppers. To prevent over-spilling of
fly-ash from these hoppers, de-ashing
is performed.
An Automatic Level detection system

to indicate the level of ash in the
hopper is provided. This indicator
shows the building-up level of ash
particles in the portion of High Voltage
plates where the build up could cause
a short circuit between the collecting
plates and the electrode.
NOMENCLATURE OF
Chinese ESP (Flakt make)
FAA 8 X 37.5 - 2 X 128 -150 - 2
Electric No. Of Field Electric Hopper

No. of passes field type
Horizontal field Width
Fields height
length
FAA 6 X 45 - 1 X 108 - 150 - 2

BHEL ESP (Process Boiler)
MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING ESP PERFORMANCE
1 of 5
Deterioration of ESP – Mechanical condition

 Misaligned emitting electrode system – broken wires,
lost self tension, distorted emitting frames
 Damaged collecting electrode system – came out of
hanging arrangement or shock bar slots, bends
 Damaged rapping mechanism – eroded pin wheel,
absence of hammers, hammer alignment
 Erosion or damage of gas distribution screens and
deflection plates
2 of 5
Deterioration of gas flow distribution

 Between different passes
◦ Guide vanes in ducts – position, erosion
 Inside the ESP chamber
◦ Disturbed gas distribution screens, deflector plates
 Eroded sneakage screens (A process in which dust-laden gas
passes between the ESP casing and electrode system, either
over the top or around the edges)
3 of 5
Deterioration of gas flow distribution

 Uniform distribution within the ESP chamber and among
the streams increase the effective utilization of collecting
area
 Poor distribution in duct results erosion of flow correcting

devices
4of 5
Gas velocity
 Velocity is decided by the gas flow
 Velocity decides treatment time
 Higher the gas velocity, higher the carryover of dust
particles without collection - Re-enterainment
 Very poor velocity alters the flow distribution and
effects settling of dust particles
5 of 5
Variation in Electrical parameters
 Applied potential is less – caused by internal

misalignment
 Unstable controller – electrical problem
25
Advantages
1 of 2
 It is very effective in separating fine dust particle as fine as 0.01

micron which escapes mechanical separators
 Very useful for high dust loaded gas. Removal efficiency 99 % to

99.5 %
 Versitality-effective performance on a wide range of industrial

processes
 Minimum draught loss- typically less than 1 bar

Advantages
2 of 2
 Designs can be produced to cover a temperature

range from ambient up to 850C
 Low maintenance requirements
 Least maintenance cost
 Both wet and dry dust can be removed

Dis-advantages 1 of 2
 High Capital cost of equipment
 A good amount of floor space is required
 It cant be used with materials explosive in nature.
 Gases passing through ESP should not contain
entrained droplets & any other sticky material.

Dis-advantages 2 of 2
 It works best for particles having resistivity

ranging between moderate levels(108 to 1010
ohms-cm)
 During startup of the unit, warm exhaust gases
enter the precipitator. This can cause the
formation of water or water and acid droplets
which could cause severe corrosion in the unit.
ERECTION AND COMISSIONING
1 of 7
 Ensure proper storage, handling, stocking,

preservation of components and electrode
2 of 7
 Use only stretching device for erecting emitting
electrodes and stretching the electrodes with hand
will have serious effects with over stretching and
impact on performance of the ESP
ERECTION AND COMISSIONING 3 of 7
 Never erect damage components or

compromise quality
 Straighten all electrodes before erection using
fixtures and correct the profile using form toll

4 of 7
 Over looking of minor details of drawings will

lead to major rework.
5 of 7
 Ensure all erection welding is done by

certified welders only.
6 of 7
 Inspect all weld joints for defects and rectify

them to avoid leakage of air and seepage of
water.
ERECTION AND COMISSIONING 7 of 7
 Maintain a documental record (protocol/

measurement sheet) for any erected
component as per FQP
SOME INTRESTING TERMINOLOGY 1 of 2
 RE-ENTERAINMENT-It is the entry of particles into

the gas stream rapped from the electrodes.
 SCOURING- The process in which collected dust is

removed from the electrodes by the gas flow or
by the impact of dust or char suspended.
 SNEAKAGE- The process in which dust-laden gas

passes between the precipitator casing and the
electrode system, either over the top or around
the edges.
SOME INTRESTING TERMINOLOGY 2 of 2
 SWEEPAGE- Sweepage is the process by which

the gas passing beneath the electrodes of the
precipitator pick up dust from the hoppers
and carry it out of the precipitator exit.
 MIGRATION VELOCITY- is defined as the

traverse velocity with which the charged dust
particles move towards the collector plates.
SPECIAL THANKS
 Sh. Nirakar Puhan
 Sh. Bijay Patel
 Sh. S K Panda
 Sh. Prasant Panda
 Sh. Kumarmani Behra
 Sh. Somshekhar Ray
BIBLOGRAPHY
 Boiler
Operation Engineering by
P Chattopadhyay
 Power Plant Engineering by R K Rajput
 Erection & Operational Manuals

Any Questions
THANK YOU

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WELCOME

solid material in suspension which mainly consist of:-

 2. Dust- It mainly consist of fine ash particles

called Fly-ash intermixed with some particles

of coal called ‘cinders’.

1. Mechanical Dust Collectors

2. Electrical Dust Collectors

(Electrical Dust collectors are also called Cottrell precipitators)

It is a device to precipitate suspended fly ash

 Precipitators function by electro-statically charging

1. Source of High Voltage- Transformers/ Rectifiers

2. Ionizing and Collecting Electrodes

3. Dust removal mechanism- GD Rapping mechanism

4. Shell for Housing the Elements

 Ionization & Corona Generation

 Corona (Gas ionization) takes place from the negative

 The negative ions and free electrons travel

An Automatic Level detection system

FAA 8 X 37.5 - 2 X 128 -150 - 2

Electric No. Of Field Electric Hopper

FAA 6 X 45 - 1 X 108 - 150 - 2

Deterioration of ESP – Mechanical condition

Deterioration of gas flow distribution

Deterioration of gas flow distribution

 Poor distribution in duct results erosion of flow correcting

Variation in Electrical parameters

 Applied potential is less – caused by internal

 Unstable controller – electrical problem

 It is very effective in separating fine dust particle as fine as 0.01

 Very useful for high dust loaded gas. Removal efficiency 99 % to

 Versitality-effective performance on a wide range of industrial

 Minimum draught loss- typically less than 1 bar

 Designs can be produced to cover a temperature

 Low maintenance requirements

 Least maintenance cost

 Both wet and dry dust can be removed

 High Capital cost of equipment

 A good amount of floor space is required

 It cant be used with materials explosive in nature.

 Gases passing through ESP should not contain

entrained droplets & any other sticky material.

 It works best for particles having resistivity

 Ensure proper storage, handling, stocking,

 Never erect damage components or

fixtures and correct the profile using form toll

 Over looking of minor details of drawings will

 Ensure all erection welding is done by

 Inspect all weld joints for defects and rectify

 Maintain a documental record (protocol/

 RE-ENTERAINMENT-It is the entry of particles into

 SCOURING- The process in which collected dust is

 SNEAKAGE- The process in which dust-laden gas

 SWEEPAGE- Sweepage is the process by which

 MIGRATION VELOCITY- is defined as the

 Power Plant Engineering by R K Rajput

 Erection & Operational Manuals

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