BUILDING SERVICES

Group presentation
 INTRODUCTION

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

BYIRINGIRO SANGA BENJAMIN 18/U/EBE/8987/PE
KIBUUKA JONATHAN 18/U/EBD/8931/PD
KIGENYI DAVID ANDREW 18/U/EBE/8965/PE
KATUSIIME BEREN 18/U/EBE/8979/PE
ODONGO RICHARD THADDEUS 18/U/EBE/8982/PE
NAMULI KAUTHARA KIGGUNDU 18/U/EBE/ /PE
OTIGO AMBROSE 18/U/EBE/ /PE
AWINO SHEILAH 18/U/EBE/ /PE
NASSOZI BEATRICE 18/U/EBD/ /PD
 Electrical Installations
Conduit systems
A conduit means a metal or non metallic tube into which pvc installed
cables are drawn.
The function of a conduit is to provide mechanical protection of the
cable, permit re-wiring, and if a conduit is a metal, to provide an earth
conductor.
Types of conduits
 Heavy guage steel conduit(class B)
mostly used in industries with its main function being for flame proof
installations and is available in three grades i.e solid drawn, welded and
brazed.
 Continuation
 Aluminium conduit
welded aluminium tube prepared for jointing by driving a pre-
threaded steel tube into the end of the conduit.
 Plastic conduit
PVC is used which maybe unplasticized for rigid conduit and
plasticized for flexible tubes
 Copper conduit
More resistant to corrosion than steel and therefore useful for out
door use and for burying in concrete where water is liable to gain access
to conduit during installation.
 Lighting and socket outlets
In order to avoid long runs of flexible and multi-point adaptors, the number of
socket outlets must be adequate for consumers needs. The location of items of
furniture and electrical equipment should be considered when positioning socket
outlets, lighting points and switches.

Desired number of socket outlets

Dining room 2
Living room 5
Double bedroom 3
Single bedroom 2
Kitchen 4
Hall 1
Landing 1
Garage 1

From Park Morris report

 Sockets
 DOUBLE SOCKET SWICTH
Each room has a double switch socket with 3 receptacles.
The sockets are connected in a ring circuit such that faults in one do not affect the rest.
 The classrooms on all floors have a two gang one-way switches
connected to the lamps by a 1.5sqm c.s.a cables as per standard rating.
With by load neon light.
 Distribution system.

This is the electrical system between the substation fed by the

transmission system and the consumer end.
They usually employ equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers and
protective devices.
Lighting circuits.
Under lighting circuits, we find different switch controls for example;
 One-way switch control
 Two-way switch control
 Intermediate switch control
 Earthing
One way switching
Two way switching
Electrical installation

 Power distribution
 Electricity is generated from a hydro power station in mega watts and stepped up
for transmission over long distances .
 It is then stepped down at transformers for distribution for use in buildings
illustration
 Circuit breaker
They can either be miniature circuit breaker or fused circuit breaker.

Types of circuit breakers.

 Miniature circuit breaker
 Molded case circuit breaker
 Earth leakage circuit breaker
 Residual circuit breaker
 Testing completed installation
Tests carried out to verify that the system will operate efficiently and
safely.
 Continuity test
 Insulation test
Performed to ensure that there is a high resistance between line and
neutral conductors and these conductors and earth.
 Polarity test
Performed to ensure that all switches and circuit breakers are connected in
the phase or line conductor
 Continuation
Consumer Unit
 Inside the consumer unit we could notice the two-pole switch
isolator for the neutral and phase/live terminals.
 Each floor has at least two of these which means that each floor
has independent circuits
 The isolator has up to a maximum rating of 125amps
Figure showing a consumer unit
 Residual Current Protection

 The live bar is provided with several fuse ways or miniature circuit breakers
(up to 16 in number).
 Each fuse or MCB is selected with a rating in accordance with its circuit
function to protect individual circuits from overload. Identifiable ratings
included 6amps, 32 amps which we conclude as for lighting and socket circuits
respectively.
 Lighting fittings

They are categorized into three ;

 Special fittings
Have special optical arrangements such as reflectors or lenses to
give highly directional light.
Examples of special fittings.
 batten fittings
 box fittings giving upward and downward light with louvres beneath.
 Black hole fittings
 SINGLE BATTEN FLUORESCENT TUBE
1 inch diameter, 2ft long, single batten fitting within the hall ways and access ramps.
Double batten fluorescent tube
 Continuation
 Decorative fittings
intended to be seen rather than to give optimum lighting distribution
and performance
Examples of decorative fittings
 Open top diffuser
 Enamel reflector
 Indirect fitting
 Opal sphere
 Continuation
 General utility fittings
Intended to give economic and effective illumination.

Examples of general utility fittings

 Recessed louvred fittings
 Diffusion panel
 Wall mount
 Estimation of lighting levels
Methods of Estimation of lighting levels
 Lumen method
Simple way of estimating the number and size of lighting fittings
needed to give adequate light on the working plane.
 Luminance design method
Means of taking into account the appearance of all walls, ceilings
and floor surfaces and selecting lighting fittings not only to give light on
the working plane but also onto walls and ceilings.
Plumbing

 Indirect Water supply

 This is department has an indirect supply system.
Cont
basins
Sanitary Appliances
 In general, a basin is a bowl shaped plumbing fixture used for washing and cleaning. Taps or faucets are
attached to basins to supply hot or cold water and in some cases when faster rinsing is required, spray feature
is included. At the bottom of a basin, a grating is fixed so unwanted solids which might stuck in the traps do not
pass through the drain underneath it. In this way, grating prevent any unwanted solids like rock, bones and
shells in food residue from entering pipeline.
 
 Water closet is an upwardly open bowl fitted with flushing mechanism to remove human excreta and
urine using water. Three types of water closet used in block 7 are wash-down water closet, squatting
pan and urinal.
 Squat pan toilets  are fixed in the ground, with the actual pan usually being fixed flush to the ground
within which they are set. All the plumbing and pipework are therefore also set within the floor of the
washroom.
Sanitary appliances

 Urinals
 Bidets
 WATER CLOSET
 BIDETS
 Wash basins
 SINKS
urinals
Types of urinals
 Slab urinals
 Stall urinals
 Bowl type urinals
 cont.
Discharge unit values for sanitary appliances
Type of sanitary fitting Discharge unit value
Automatic washing machine 40
Wc (9-litre cistern) 14
sink 14
Wash basin 3
bath 18
urinals 0.3
 VALVES AND TAPS
Valves
Valves control flow in a pipeline. There are two commonly used that is Gate valve
and globe valve.

 The most common valves in fact the only valves noticed in use where the global
clutch stop valves.

 The globe-type stop valve is used to control the flow of water at high pressure.
To close the flow of water the crutch head handle is rotated slowly in a
clockwise direction gradually reducing the flow, thus preventing sudden impact
and the possibility of vibration and water hammer.
 Continuation
There are various valves used and these include;
 Float valve
 Drain valve
 Check valve
 Butterfly valve
 Diaphragm valve
Continuation
 Taps

Taps are fittings permitting draw-off water.

There are many kinds of special taps for different purposes.

 Bib taps
 Pillar taps
 Spring loaded taps; these are operated by a push button are much
used in factory lavatories in an endeavor to save water.

 Mixer taps

 Monobloc taps

 Washer taps

 Disc taps
Disc tap
Bib tap
Pillar tap
 Continuation
 Push taps were the used types of sanitary taps as wash hand basin faucets and urinal flush
taps.

 A push tap is a type of faucet that can be operated by just pushing a button in order to
activate the water flow. It is a self-closing tap, which if once activated. Emits water for a
short interval of time and automatically shuts off after 8-10
 Pipe fittings
Fittings are fixed in the plumbing system to join straight pipes or any section of
tubes.
Type of Fittings
1. Collar ; used to join two pipes in the same length
2. Elbow ; joins two pipes at an angle either 45o,60oor 90o
3. Gasket ; generally ring-shaped type and fitted for sealing flange joints
4. Union ; joins two ends of pipes
5. Reducer; is used to connect pipes of different diameters and may be of
various types like reducer tee, reducer elbow and reducer socket
6. Tee ; connect pipes of various diameters and help in changing the direction
of water or material in a pipe.
7. Nipple ; used for short extension of plumbing lines.
8. Trap ; fitting in a P, U, S or J-shaped type normally fitted near a plumbing
fixture
Pipe fitting
Pipe fitting angles
Water Hammering

 Water hammer is the result of a pressure surge, or high-pressure

shockwave that propagates through a piping system when a fluid in
motion is forced to change direction or stop abruptly.
The Effects of Water Hammer

 Leaks
 Ruptured Pipes
 External Property Damage
Preventing Water Hammer

 Spring-assisted check valves

 Air chambers are also an effective water hammer solution
 Reduce operating pressure
DRAINAGE SYSTEM

 The noticed system is a separate drainage system.

DRAINAGE
 ROOF DRAINAGE
 This has been handled with pvc gutters and 4 inch pvc down pipes. The
downpipes then lead to an open trench.
 Continuation
 Storm Drain
 FIRE PROTECTION
Classes of fire
 Class A; from carbonaceous material such as wood, cloth and paper. It is
cooled by water as the most effective method.
 Class B; Fires in inflammable liquids such as petrol, oils, paint, etc where
blanketing or smothering effect of agents which exclude oxygen is more
effective.
 Class C; for inflammable gases and electronics such as methane, propene
among others.
 Class D; for inflammable metals such as zinc, aluminium, uranium, among
others.
 Class K; these include all risks where the problem of extinguishing the fire is
increased due to the danger of an electric shock.
 FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

 Sprinklers and other fixed water sprays like hose reels.

 Fixed foam, carbon dioxide and dry powder extinguishers.
 Fixed wet or dry risers.
 Portable extinguishers.
 Fire doors, dumpers and fire resisting forms of construction.
 Continuation
Hose reel Installation
 These are for first aid fire fighting only but it is often possible for a fire to be
contained by the occupant in its initial stage by use of a jet of water from a hose
reel.
 Pipe size ; for a building up to 15metres in height, the internal diameter of the
supply pipe should not be less than 50mm, and buildings above 15 metres should
not be less than 64mm. Internal diameter of a pipe connecting to each reel
should not be less than 25 mm.
 Continuation
Portable and fixed extinguisher
Choice of extinguisher
It is based on a variety of factors such as;
 type of extinguishing agent suitable for the fire
 must not be dangerous to the user
 Must be simple to use
 Must be efficient and reliable
Fire extinguisher and horse reel
 Continuation
Types of fire extinguishers.
Can be divided into five groups;
 Group 1; water extinguishers suitable for class A
 Group 2; dry powder extinguishers suitable for all classes of fire risks.
 Group 3; foam extinguishers i.e. mechanical and chemical foam extinguisher
suitable for class B
 Group 4; carbon dioxide extinguisher.
 Group 5; Vaporising liquid extinguisher
 FIRE DETECTOR SYSTEMS
 Group 1; for hazardous situations. They provide warnings for situations like leaks
from a petrol tank, overheating of a processing plant. It has four main sub
groups that is flammable vapor detectors, butane and propene leakage
detectors, overheat detectors and explosion detectors.
 Group 2; ionization smoke detector. It is comprised of two distinct types of
detectors with one type balancing an open ionization chamber against a closed
and sealed ionization chamber, another type using an open ionization sampling
chamber, but the closed chamber is depressed by a transistorized circuit.
Automatic fire detectors; used to sense an outbreak of fire at the earliest possible
moment and gives an alarm signal
 Continuation
 Group 3; visible smoke detectors. They are used where combustion particles
have light scattering and light obscuring properties with three sub groups;
• Those using light scattering techniques
• Those using light obscuring techniques
• Sampling system
 Group 4; heat detectors They operate on the principle that when there is a
temperature rise, it remains the same for each.
 Continuation
Figure showing a smoke detector
 ALARMS
 Alarms should be sited so that they can be heard through out the building
Types of alarms
 Manual electrical alarms
 Sensor electrical alarms
Manual electrical alarms
May be operated from break glass call points and once operated on the alarms will
continue to sound automatically.
Sensor electrical alarms
When there is fire outbreak within a building structure, a sensor automatically
causes the alarm to make sound until the fire ceases.
ARRANGEMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
An automatic fire detector system consists of the following;
 Detectors
 Alarms
 Control panel
 Mains-fed power unit
 Batteries
 Wiring circuit
Fire fighting system
 Access
Ability to enter or approach a place, site or a building regardless of physical
capabilities.
 Doors
 Ramps
 Stairs
 Lifts
 Escalators
Doors
stairs
 RAMPS
 the preferred slope for building access ramp is 1:12 or 1 inch of rise to 12 inches of horizontal
run with a landing at the entrance of every floor.
 These have been finished with a rough terrazzo finish for extra friction
RECOMMENDATIONS

Security and surveillance

 Burglar proofing
 Alarm system doors
 Camera system (CCTV)
Access
 Stairs on the other half of the building as an escape route.