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    Bio Medical Engineering

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    Christy Polly
    This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and nervous systems from a biomedical engineering perspective. It discusses: 1) The key components and functioning of the cardiovascular system, including the heart chambers and valves, blood vessel types, and pulmonary and systematic circulation. 2) An engineering view of the cardiovascular system as an elastic tubing pump system with reservoirs and variable diameters for fluid transport. 3) The central and peripheral components of the nervous system, including the main parts of the brain and their functions. 4) How the nervous system acts as a control and communication network in the body using electrochemical pulses along interconnected signal lines.

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    Bio Medical Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Christy Polly
    52 views32 pages
    This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and nervous systems from a biomedical engineering perspective. It discusses: 1) The key components and functioning of the cardiovascular system, including the heart chambers and valves, blood vessel types, and pulmonary and systematic circulation. 2) An engineering view of the cardiovascular system as an elastic tubing pump system with reservoirs and variable diameters for fluid transport. 3) The central and peripheral components of the nervous system, including the main parts of the brain and their functions. 4) How the nervous system acts as a control and communication network in the body using electrochemical pulses along interconnected signal lines.

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    Biomedical notes

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    This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and nervous systems from a biomedical engineering perspective. It discusses: 1) The key components and functioning of the cardiovascular system, including the heart chambers and valves, blood vessel types, and pulmonary and systematic circulation. 2) An engineering view of the cardiovascular system as an elastic tubing pump system with reservoirs and variable diameters for fluid transport. 3) The central and peripheral components of the nervous system, including the main parts of the brain and their functions. 4) How the nervous system acts as a control and communication network in the body using electrochemical pulses along interconnected signal lines.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    52 views32 pages

    Bio Medical Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Christy Polly
    This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular and nervous systems from a biomedical engineering perspective. It discusses: 1) The key components and functioning of the cardiovascular system, including the heart chambers and valves, blood vessel types, and pulmonary and systematic circulation. 2) An engineering view of the cardiovascular system as an elastic tubing pump system with reservoirs and variable diameters for fluid transport. 3) The central and peripheral components of the nervous system, including the main parts of the brain and their functions. 4) How the nervous system acts as a control and communication network in the body using electrochemical pulses along interconnected signal lines.

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    Bio Medical Engineering

    Module 1
    Cardiovascular System
    • Complex closed hydraulic system
    • Helps in transportation of oxygen, carbon-dioxide, chemical
    compounds and blood cells
    • Heart:
    – 4 chambers: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
    – 4 valves: tricuspid valve, bicuspid mitral valve, pulmonary valve,
    aortic valve
    – 3 layers: pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
    – 3 blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
    – 2 pumping stages
    – 2 circulation: pulmonary circulation, systematic circulation
    Cardiovascular System Cont.
    Valves in Heart
    Cardiovascular System Cont.
    Layers Of Heart

    Blood Vessels In Heart


    Cardiovascular System Cont.

    Pulmonary circulation

    Systematic circulation
    Cardiovascular System Cont.
    Engineering view of cardiovascular
    • 4 chamber pump : heart
    • Connected to elastic tubing : blood vessels
    • Diameter change: arteries
    • Reservoirs in the system: veins
    • Speed of the pump: heart rate
    • Fluid acting for communication: blood
    • Part of system working against gravity
    Cardiovascular System
    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    • Control & communication network
    • Highly developed and complex
    Nervous System
    Central Peripheral
    Encephalon spinal cord
    nerves
    groups of
    neurons outside
    brain & spinal
    cord
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    • Three parts of brain:
    – Cerebrum
    – Cerebellum
    • Microcomputer
    • Muscle motions
    • Maintain body balance
    – Brain stem
    • Medulla oblongata
    • Mid brain
    • Diencephalon : thalamus & hypothalamus
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    cerebrum

    Left Right

    Occipital

    temporal parietal
    frontal
    Store
    Sensory inputs visual
    •Intelligence memories
    Long term
    •Constructive storage
    imagination
    •Temporary
    storage
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    • Communication network of the body
    • Center- self adapting central information
    processor/computer-B
    • Memory, computational power, decision
    making capability, input and output channels
    • Bring sensory information
    • Transmit control information
    • Lines-interconnections-from sensory devices
    NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
    • Output send to motor devices
    • Feedback is provided through sensors
    • Information coding(serial &parallel) done by
    electrochemical pulses
    • Travel along signal lines
    Sources of Bio Electric Potentials
    • Bioelectric potentials- ionic voltages produced
    due to electrochemical activity of special cells
    • Transducers to convert ionic potentials to
    electrical signals- diagnosis
    Resting & Action Potentials
    • K+,Cl- in cell
    • Na+ outside
    Fluids containing
    Na+, K+, Cl- ions

    Semi permeable
    membrane

    cell
    Resting Potential

    • Cell in resting state is said to be polarized


    •Resting potential is negative
    •Range from -60 to -100 mV
    Action Potential

    • Cell in action potential is said to be de-polarized


    •Action potential is positive
    • Approx. +20 mV
    Action Potential
    Electrical activity
    Typical Action Potential Waveform
    Action Potential Cont.
    • All or nothing law (action potential same for
    all cell regardless of stimulus)
    • Net height (difference in peak height)
    • Absolute refractory period(1ms) – cannot
    respond to any stimulus
    • Relative refractory period – another action
    potential can be triggered but greater
    stimulus, stimulus threshold
    Propagation of Action Potentials
    • Cell excited generates action potential
    • In nerve case, action potential moves in both direction from
    the point of excitation
    • Nerve cells excited near input ends
    • Cannot re-excite immediately due to refractory period
    • The rate of propagation of action potential down a fiber or
    cell to cell is propagation rate
    • In nerve cells its nerve conduction rate or conduction velocity
    • Velocity varies depending on type and diameter of nerve
    • Velocity range is 20-140 m/s
    Bioelectric Potentials
    ECG(Electrocardiogram)
    • Biopotentials
    generated by muscles
    of heart is
    electrocardiogram
    (ECG)

    Figure: conducting system


    Electrical Conductivity In Heart
    Electroencephalogram(EEG)
    • Recorded representation of neuronal activity in brain
    -EEG
    • Complex than ECG
    • Varies greatly with the location of measure on scalp
    • Affected by mental activity of a person
    • The period of high frequency that occurs during
    sleep is paradoxical sleep or Rapid Eye
    Movement(REM) sleep
    • Another form of measurement is evoked response
    Electroencephalogram(EEG) Cont.
    Electromyogram(EMG)
    • Bioelectric potentials associated with muscle activity
    • Measured at the surface of skin with needle
    electrodes
    • It’s a summation of individual action potential that
    constitutes the muscle
    • Action potential has fixed magnitude
    • Pulse doesn’t change with regard to muscle activity
    but increase the rate of muscle fiber fires and
    activated
    Electromyogram(EMG) Cont.
    Other Bioelectric Potentials
    Electrode theory
    • Refer pdf.

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