NIrmal PPT Ice Age Final

ICE AGES
Dr. HARI SINGH GOUR VISHWAVIDYALAYA

SAGAR M.P.
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY
GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY
PROF. P.K. KATHAL NIRMAL KUMAR MAHAPATRA
Y21251029
M. TECH I SEM
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• EVIDENCES
• CAUSES
• MAJOR ICE AGES ON EARTH
• REASONS FOR THE END OF ICE AGE ?
• WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THERE WAS AN ICE AGE TODAY ?
• RECENT NEWS ON CLIMATE CHANGES
• SIGNIFICANCE OF ICE AGE
• REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
ICE AGES
Definition :-
“An ice age is a long geologic period of reduction in the
temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in
the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets
and alpine glaciers.”
EVIDENCES
The are mainly three types of evidences https://images.app.goo.gl/MMidreYHyax4RPoN9
i. Geological evidences
ii. Chemical evidences
iii. Paleontological evidences

GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES
• Geological evidence for ice ages comes in various forms,
including rock scouring and scratching, glacial moraines,
drumlins, valley cutting, and the deposition of till or tillites
and glacial erratics.
Example:-Talchir boulder beds (Lower Gondwana Fm)

• It is composed of polished and striated pebbles and boulders
the diameters of which varies up to 4 to 5 meters.
The sandstones contains undecomposed feldspar thereby
indicating a cold climate.
Tillite
CHEMICAL EVIDENCES
• The chemical evidence mainly consists of variations in the ratios of isotopes in
sedimentary rocks, ocean sediment cores, and for the most recent glacial periods, ice
cores.
Example:-Isotope ratio of O16 and O18
PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCES
• The paleontological evidence consists of changes in the
geographical distribution of fossils - during a glacial period cold-
adapted organisms spread into lower latitudes, and organisms that
prefer warmer conditions become extinct or are squeezed into
lower latitudes.
Example:- Woolly mammoth in Siberia .

CAUSES
1. Milankovitch Cycles
a) The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity
b) The direction Earth’s axis of rotation is pointed, known

as precession(wobbling).
c) The angle Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to Earth’s

orbital plane, known as obliquity
2. AMOC ( Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
• The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a large system of ocean currents that carry
warm water from the tropics northwards into the North Atlantic. The AMOC is an important component of
the Earth’s climate system and is a result of both atmospheric and thermohaline drivers.
Bølling–Allerød
3. Changes in Earth’s
Atmosphere:
• The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes
that, during one or more of Earth's icehouse
climates, the planet's surface became entirely or
nearly entirely frozen. It is believed that this
occurred sometime before 650 Mya (million years
ago) during the Cryogenian period.
https://images.app.goo.gl/TbEhuCfcHCuDJSqG8
4. Position of the Continents:

• The presence of large land masses at high latitudes
appears to be a prerequisite for the development of
extensive ice sheets, because the large accumulations of
ice associated with ice sheets cannot form over the ocean.
• This continental configuration led to extensive glaciation
of both North America and Eurasia, as well as full
continental ice sheets covering Antarctica. https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/ice-age.htm
MAJOR ICE AGES ON EARTH
There are five major ice ages that the Earth has experienced
1. Huronian ice age (Makganyene glaciation)
2. Cryogenian ice age
3. Andean- Saharan ice age
4. Late Paleozoic ice age (Karoo glaciation)
5. Quaternary ice age

REASONS FOR THE END OF ICE AGE
 Interglaciation characterised by high sea level, limited glaciation, etc.. There’s still glaciation, of course, in
Antarctica, Greenland, and other places like that. But there’s also relatively warm conditions. That’s an
interglacial: high sea levels, warm conditions, and a generally equitable climate.
 Beginning of heat circulation between the waters of Arctic and North Atlantic.
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THERE
WAS AN ICE AGE TODAY ?
• 1) Area coverage : "Assuming it was similar to the last one, then North
America would be covered in ice, the whole of Northern Europe, the
whole of Northern Asia would be covered in ice,"
• 2) Food Shortage : There would be a lot less agricultural land available,

so it would be very difficult to support the human population
• 3) Change in Earth shape : Physical shape of the continents would look

completely different across the whole planet.
• 4) Water transport and World economic trade : A huge drop in sea https://www.bing.com/images/search?view
level of up to 120 metres would close down marine channels - the
Mediterranean Sea, Torres Strait, Bass Strait and Bering Strait - and create
new areas of land that could be used for habitation or agriculture.
RECENT NEWS OF CLIMATE CHANGES
• Snowfall In Sahara Desert For 5th Time In 42 Years : abpnews
• Five of Indian cities could be under water : The Economic Times
• ‘It’s now or never’: IPCC warns emissions must decline by 2025 to avoid dangerous climate change : Humanity has less than
three years to halt the rise of planet-warming carbon emissions and less than a decade to slash them almost in half, the UN said
Monday in a landmark report on stopping global warming and ensuring a "liveable future".
• Dinosaur urges world leaders not to
‘Choose Extinction’ at United Nations :
The United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) is bringing a
ferocious, talking dinosaur to the United
Nations’ headquarters to shine a spotlight
on the hundreds of billions of dollars
governments spend every year propping up
the fossil fuel industry.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ICE AGE
1. One significant outcome of the recent ice age was the evolution of Homo sapiens. Humans adapted to the
harsh climate by developing such tools as the bone needle to sew warm clothing, and used the land bridges
to spread to new regions.
2. During the last ice age, which ran from about 110,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the lower sea levels
allowed humans to roam across the entire world.
3. The important thing about ice ages is that they change the character of the Earth’s surface. Each
glaciation changes the Earth’s appearance. It may be subtle, small changes each time, but there is a
progressive change.
4. Studying Ice ages help in knowing the behaviour of the Earth in the past and hence possibly predict
henceforth.
REFERENCES
• 1. Boggs, Sam (Jr.) (1996): Principles of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall., Pg 411 : Milankovitch Cycles
• 2. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/#:~:text=The%20Milankovitch%20c
ycles%20include%3A,is%20pointed%2C%20known%20as%20precession
. : Milankovitch Cycles
• 3. Osama R. Shaltami and Ilas Bustany, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Benzhagi University,
Libya[2021] }:Research Paper https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351658693_Ice_Age_-_A_review : Evidences, Causes of
Ice Age
• 4. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=2zqig5xS&id=8 . : Car in Frozen ice
• 5.https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/ice-age.htm : Image of Position of Continents
• 6.https://images.app.goo.gl/TbEhuCfcHCuDJSqG8 : Snowball Earth
• 7.https://images.app.goo.gl/MMidreYHyax4RPoN9 : Image of geological evidence
• 8..
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ces.fau.edu/ces/nasa/images/module_3/IceAgesGeologic.gif&imgrefurl=http://ww
w.ces.fau.edu/nasa/module-3/temperature-trend-changes/past-climates.php&docid=8blPnAZ6Z1HeDM&tbnid=Q9uDsbdaiWz_XM&v
et=1&source=sh/x/im
: Timeline of Major Ice Ages
• 9. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age : Definition of Ice age
• 10.
THANK YOU

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ICE AGES

Dr. HARI SINGH GOUR VISHWAVIDYALAYA

ii. Chemical evidences

iii. Paleontological evidences

Example:-Talchir boulder beds (Lower Gondwana Fm)

Example:- Woolly mammoth in Siberia .

b) The direction Earth’s axis of rotation is pointed, known

c) The angle Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to Earth’s

4. Position of the Continents:

1. Huronian ice age (Makganyene glaciation)

2. Cryogenian ice age

3. Andean- Saharan ice age

4. Late Paleozoic ice age (Karoo glaciation)

5. Quaternary ice age

• 2) Food Shortage : There would be a lot less agricultural land available,

• 3) Change in Earth shape : Physical shape of the continents would look

• Five of Indian cities could be under water : The Economic Times

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