1.1 - Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Critical Thinking
Observe the figure & infer one of the objectives of the lesson!
Refer to:
e-Book (Pearson) & LMS
Topic 1: Chemistry of Life
Subtopic 1.1 – Structure of Water & Hydrogen

Bonding
Introduction
 Three-quarters of Earth’s surface is covered by water.
 Although most of this water is in liquid

form, water is also present on Earth as a
solid (ice) and a gas (water vapor).
 Water is the only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all
three physical states of matter.
Introduction
 The abundance of water is a major reason Earth is habitable.
 Life on Earth began in water and evolved there for 3 billion years before spreading
onto land.
 Modern life, even terrestrial (land-dwelling) life, remains tied to water.
 All living organisms require water more than any other substance.
 Human beings, for example, can survive for quite a few weeks without food, but
only a week or so without water.
 Molecules of water participate in many chemical reactions necessary to sustain life.
 Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70–95% water.
What properties of the simple water molecule make it so indispensable to life
on Earth?
In this chapter, you will learn how the structure of a water molecule allows it to
interact with other molecules, including other water molecules. This ability leads to
water’s unique emergent properties that help make Earth suitable for life.
KPI- 1.1.1 Describe electronegativity of water & its role in forming hydrogen bonds
 In the water molecule, the electrons of the polar covalent bonds spend more time near
the oxygen than the hydrogen (since oxygen is more electronegative).
 The water molecule is thus a polar molecule: the overall charge is unevenly
distributed.
Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles, or ends.
A magnet is an example of an object that has polarity—there is a north pole and a

south pole.
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar

molecules, meaning that they have oppositely charged regions.
KPI- 1.1.2 Understand the structure of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds
with neighboring molecules
Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
KPI- 1.1.2 Understand the structure of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds
with neighboring molecules
Teamwork
Group work: divide the work among your group members.
Student of the group will research about the different properties of water.
Brief discussion will be open on Nearpod.

Teamwork
Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are:
1) Cohesive behavior
2) Ability to moderate temperature (high specific heat, evaporative cooling)
3) Expansion upon freezing (floating ice on water)
4) Versatility as a solvent
Recall Van der Waals forces
When polar molecules are brought close together, they exert forces on each other, too.
Regions of opposite charge cause weak electrostatic attractions between molecules.

These attractions between the molecules are called van der Waals forces.
The electrostatic attractions between different molecules are the cause of

intermolecular forces.
Although van der Waals forces are not as strong as covalent and ionic bonds, they
play an important role in biological processes.
KPI- 1.1.3 Relate water properties (cohesion and adhesion) to water polarity
Water is cohesive—the molecules are attracted to each other (same substance)

because of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of van der Waals
force.
Cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants.

Water is adhesive—it forms hydrogen bonds with molecules on other surfaces.

Adhesion is an attraction between different substances.
For example, between water and plant cell walls.

KPI- 1.1.4 Explain how cohesion among water molecules plays a key role in
transporting water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
KPI- 1.1.5 Interpret how adhesion contributes to transporting water in plants
 Water travels up the paper, and carries the dye to the middle glass via
adhesion.
 Capillary action is the result of adhesion.
 Water can travel up the stems of plants.

Real world engagement
Students of the group will perform and conduct an experiment to prove the
cohesive and adhesive properties of water.
Each group will then collect and combine the results. Then chose your own way
(Keynote, i-movie, screen recording, LAB report, scientific article, poster,…) to
present your work to your peers during the biology class.
KPI- 1.1.6 Describe water surface tension
Surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid.
 Water has an unusually high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between the
molecules at the air-water interface and to the water below.
KPI- 1.1.6 Describe water surface tension
This attraction creates surface tension, which causes water to form droplets and
allows insects and leaves to rest on the surface of a body of water.
KPI- 1.1.7 Infer how the high specific heat of water decreases the temperature in
individual organisms by evaporative cooling
 Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air.
 Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in
its own temperature.
A few definitions you should remember:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0vRvMYP-wg
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
Thermal energy: the total kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms
or molecules. (depends on volume).
Temperature: is a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of

the molecules in a body of matter (does NOT depend on volume).
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another is defined as heat.
Units of heat:
i.A calorie (cal) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water
by 1°C.
ii. The “calories” on food packages are actually kilocalories (kcal).

1 kcal = 1,000 cal
iii. The joule (J) is another unit of energy.

1 J = 0.239 cal
1 cal = 4.184 J
 The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost
for 1 g of that substance (not necessarily water) to change its temperature by 1°C.
 The specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/°C.
 Water resists changing its temperature because of its high specific heat.
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
 Water resists changing its temperature because of its high specific heat.
Water’s high specific heat can be traced to hydrogen bonding:

 Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break.
 Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form.
The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations to within limits
that permit life.
Personalization of learning
How is high specific heat beneficial for:

a.the environment and
b.the human body?

How is high specific heat beneficial for:

a.The environment?
It prevents the temperature of the water that covers most of the Earth from
fluctuating too much. Therefore marine life is not affected.
a.The human body?

The human body is mostly composed of water, therefore it is able to resist
changes and maintain homeostasis (stable internal temperature).
What pattern of temperatures are shown?

What pattern of temperatures are shown?
The inland temperatures (100F, 96F, 106F) are much higher than those along the
coast (73F, 75F, 72F) because oceans are large bodies of water that can absorb or
release heat, moderating the climate nearer the coast.
 Evaporation is transformation of a substance from liquid to gas.

 Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas
 As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called evaporative
cooling.
 Evaporative cooling of water helps stabilize temperatures in organisms (ex:
sweating) and bodies of water.
 The solid state of water floats on the liquid, because hydrogen bonds in ice are more
“ordered,” making ice less dense than water. A rare property emerging from the
chemistry of the water molecule.
 Water reaches its greatest density at 4°C
KPI- 1.1.7 Infer how the high specific heat of water decreases the
temperature in individual organisms by evaporative cooling
 Ice can thus provide a hunting

platform for the polar bear in the
Figure.
 Also, fish can survive in winter because

ice floats—they continue to live and
function in the water beneath the ice.
What effect might global warming have on marine life in the Arctic?
What effect might global warming have on marine life in the Arctic?
Many scientists are worried that global warming, caused by carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases, is having a profound effect on icy environments around
the globe.
The rate at which glaciers and Arctic sea ice are disappearing is posing an
extreme challenge to animals that depend on ice for their survival.
KPI- 1.1.8 Explain how water properties enable it to form aqueous solutions
 A solution is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances.

 A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution.
 The solute is the substance that is dissolved.
 An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent.
 Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity.
 When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a

sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell.
 Water can also dissolve compounds made of nonionic polar molecules.

 Even large polar molecules such as proteins can dissolve in water if they have ionic
and polar regions.
KPI- 1.1.9 Classify substances as hydrophilic and hydrophobic according
to their solubility in water
 A hydrophilic substance is one that has an affinity for water.

 A hydrophobic substance is one that does not have an affinity for water.
 Oil molecules are hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds.
 Hydrophobic molecules related to oils are the major ingredients of cell membranes.
KPI- 1.1.10 Explain how acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
A hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift from one
to the other
- The hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton,
or hydrogen ion (H+)
- The molecule that lost the proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH−)
- The molecule with the extra proton is now a hydronium ion (H3O+), though it is
often represented as H+
Water is in a state of dynamic equilibrium in which water molecules dissociate at the

same rate at which they are being reformed.
 Though statistically rare, the dissociation of water molecules has a great effect on
organisms.
 Changes in concentrations of H+ and OH− can drastically affect the chemistry of a
cell.
 Concentrations of H+ and OH− are equal in pure water.
 Adding certain solutes, called acids and bases, modifies the concentrations of H +
and OH−
 Biologists use the pH scale to describe whether a solution is acidic or basic.
 An acid is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution.

 A base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution.
 Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in water.

 Weak acids and bases reversibly release and accept back hydrogen ions, but can
still shift the balance of H+ and OH− away from neutrality.
KPI- 1.1.11 Recognize H+ concentration in a solution using the pH scale
 In any aqueous solution at 25°C the product of H + and OH− is constant and can be
written as
[H+][OH−] = 10− 14
 The pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H + concentration,

written as
pH = − log [H+]
 For a neutral aqueous solution, [H+] is 10−7, so
pH = −(− 7) = 7
1)Calculate the pH of a solution that has an H+ concentration of 10-5M.
2) What is the pH of a solution that has an OH- concentration of 10-12M.

1)Calculate the pH of a solution that has an H+ concentration of 10-5M.
pH= -log [H+]= - log [10-5]= - (-5)= 5
2) What is the pH of a solution that has an OH- concentration of 10-12M.

[H+][OH-]= 10-14
[H+][10-12]= 10-14
[H+]= 10-2
pH= -log [H+]= - log [10-2]= - (-2)= 2

 Acidic solutions have pH values less than 7

 Basic solutions have pH values greater than 7
 Most biological fluids have pH values in the range of 6 to 8
Infer the type of solution as acidic, neutral, or basic.

Infer the type of solution as acidic, neutral, or basic.

Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 5; solution Y has a pH of 8. From

this information we can conclude that:
a. Solution Y has no free hydrogen ions
b. the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1000 times as great as the

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X
c. The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times greater than the

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y
d. The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 1000 times greater than the
Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 5; solution Y has a pH of 8. From

this information we can conclude that:
a. Solution Y has no free hydrogen ions
b. the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1000 times as great as the

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X
c. The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times greater than the

d. The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 1000 times greater than the
Real world engagement
Students of the group will perform and conduct an experiment to test the pH of
different substances they have at home.
KPI- 1.1.12 Explain the importance of buffers in living organisms
 The internal pH of most living cells must remain close to pH 7.

 Buffers are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H + and OH−
in a solution.
 Most buffer solutions contain a weak acid and its corresponding base, which
combine reversibly with H+ ions
Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiEXkUkKQQA&t=5s
Communication & Creation
Students of the group will explore and investigate the importance of buffers in
living organisms.
 Human activities such as

burning fossil fuels
threaten water quality.
 CO2 is the main product of
fossil fuel combustion.
 About 25% of human-
generated CO2 is
absorbed by the oceans.
 CO2 dissolved in sea
water forms carbonic
acid; this process is called
ocean acidification.
 As seawater acidifies, H+ ions combine with carbonate ions to produce bicarbonate.

 Carbonate is required for calcification (production of calcium carbonate) by many
marine organisms, including reef-building corals.
 We have made progress in learning about the delicate chemical balances in oceans,
lakes, and rivers
 Check student’s understanding throughout the lesson via Nearpod formative

assessments (MCQ, Fill in the blanks, Matching, Draw it, etc…).
 A summative assessment will be conducted on LMS and/or classkick.
 Homework will be assigned on Liveworksheet and/or online resources. (e-

book) and self graded.
 Projects, real life engagements, and hands on activities will be practiced and
assigned throughout the lesson and presented by the students in the class.

1.1 - Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.1 - Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.1 - Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Critical Thinking

Topic 1: Chemistry of Life

Subtopic 1.1 – Structure of Water & Hydrogen

 Three-quarters of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

 Although most of this water is in liquid

 The abundance of water is a major reason Earth is habitable.

Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles, or ends.

A magnet is an example of an object that has polarity—there is a north pole and a

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar

Group work: divide the work among your group members.

Brief discussion will be open on Nearpod.

Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are:

Regions of opposite charge cause weak electrostatic attractions between molecules.

The electrostatic attractions between different molecules are the cause of

Water is cohesive—the molecules are attracted to each other (same substance)

Cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants.

Water is adhesive—it forms hydrogen bonds with molecules on other surfaces.

For example, between water and plant cell walls.

 Capillary action is the result of adhesion.

 Water can travel up the stems of plants.

Group work: divide the work among your group members.

Surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid.

A few definitions you should remember:

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

Temperature: is a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of

ii. The “calories” on food packages are actually kilocalories (kcal).

iii. The joule (J) is another unit of energy.

 The specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/°C.

Water’s high specific heat can be traced to hydrogen bonding:

How is high specific heat beneficial for:

b.the human body?

How is high specific heat beneficial for:

a.The human body?

What pattern of temperatures are shown?

What pattern of temperatures are shown?

 Evaporation is transformation of a substance from liquid to gas.

 Ice can thus provide a hunting

 Also, ﬁsh can survive in winter because

 A solution is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances.

 Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity.

 When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a

 Water can also dissolve compounds made of nonionic polar molecules.

 A hydrophilic substance is one that has an affinity for water.

Water is in a state of dynamic equilibrium in which water molecules dissociate at the

 An acid is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution.

 Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in water.

 The pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H + concentration,

 For a neutral aqueous solution, [H+] is 10−7, so

1)Calculate the pH of a solution that has an H+ concentration of 10-5M.

2) What is the pH of a solution that has an OH- concentration of 10-12M.

1)Calculate the pH of a solution that has an H+ concentration of 10-5M.

pH= -log [H+]= - log [10-5]= - (-5)= 5

2) What is the pH of a solution that has an OH- concentration of 10-12M.

pH= -log [H+]= - log [10-2]= - (-2)= 2

 Acidic solutions have pH values less than 7

Infer the type of solution as acidic, neutral, or basic.

Infer the type of solution as acidic, neutral, or basic.

Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 5; solution Y has a pH of 8. From

a. Solution Y has no free hydrogen ions