Lesson 2

Analog Transmission

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 Analog Transmission

 Digital data to Analog signal

 Digital Modulation

 Analog data to Analog signal

 Analog Modulation

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 5.1 Modulation of Digital Data

Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Bit/Baud Comparison

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 Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog modulation

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 Digital-to-Analog Modulation
(Digital Modulation)
 Digital Modulation

Amplitude -> Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency -> Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase -> Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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 Bit Rate vs Baud Rate
 Bit rate (bps)
 the number of bits per second

 Baud rate (signal unit/sec: baud / sec:

baud)
 the number of signal units per second
 less than or equal to the bit rate

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 Example 1

An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If

1000 signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate
and the bit rate

Solution

Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second

(baud/s)
Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps

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 Example 2
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit
carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate?

Solution

Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500

baud/s

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 Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)
 Bit representation
 Changing Amplitude of Career Signal
 One bit, One signal unit

Ex ‘0’ -> A1
‘1’ -> A2
 Benefit
 Simple (normally used for fiber optic)
 Require Less Bandwidth
 Disadvantage
 Easily effected by noise
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 Figure 5.3 ASK

Bit rate = baud rate

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 cos(2f C t )

Digital Data
m
X LPF X

m(t ) cos(2f C t )

ASK Modulation

2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A

cos(2f C t ) - B)

X LPF Decision
Gain *
m(t ) making
2
m(t ) cos(2f C t ) m(t ) cos(2f C t ) cos(2f C t )
1
 m(t ) cos 4f C t  m(t )
2

ASK Demodulation
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 Figure 5.4 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK

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 Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is
half-duplex.

Solution
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same.
The baud rate is therefore 2000.
An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to
its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is
2000 Hz.
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 Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what
are the baud rate and bit rate?

Solution
In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But because the
baud rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the
bit rate is 5000 bps.

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 Example 5
Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),
draw the full-duplex ASK diagram of the system. Find
the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction.
Assume there is no gap between the bands in the two
directions.
Solution
For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction
is BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of
each band (see Fig. 5.5).
fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
fc (backward) = 11000 – 5000/2 = 8500 Hz
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 Figure 5.5 Solution to Example 5

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 VCO
Bit representation
Changing Frequency of Carrier Signal

One bit, One signal unit

 Ex ‘0’ -> f1
‘1’ -> f2

Benefit
Less effected by noise
 Normally used in high frequency radio transmission or
coaxial cable

Disadvantage
Require Large Bandwidth

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FSK Modulation ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
 Figure 5.6 FSK

Bit rate = baud rate

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 Figure 5.7 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK

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 Example 6
Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-
duplex mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000 Hz.

Solution
For FSK
BW = baud rate + fc1  fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1  fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz

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 Example 7
Find the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the
bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the
difference between the two carriers is 2000 Hz.
Transmission is in full-duplex mode.

Solution
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz
is allocated for each direction.
BW = baud rate + fc1  fc0
Baud rate = BW  (fc1  fc0 ) = 6000  2000 = 4000
But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate,
the bit rate is 4000 bps.
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 Phase Shift Keying
(PSK)
 Bit representation
 Changing Phase of Career Signal
 One bit, One signal unit

Ex ‘0’ -> Φ1
‘1’ -> Φ2
 Benefit
 Less effected by noise compared to ASK
 Normally used in MODEM
 Require Bandwidth less than FSK
 Disadvantage
 Difficult to detect phase shift in case of phase
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 Figure 5.8 PSK

Bit rate = baud rate

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 Figure 5.9 PSK constellation

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 Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method

4-PSK = 2n-PSK=22-PSK

Bit rate = n x baud rate

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 Figure 5.11 The 4-PSK characteristics

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 Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics

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 cos(2f C t )
x

X
X X cos(2f C t )  cos(2f C t   )

X
X cos(2f C t ) cos(2f C t   )
[0,1] [-1,1]
0 1 cos(2f C t ) cos(2f C t  0)
 A cos  2 f c t    ; binary 1
s (t )   1 -1  cos(2f C t ) cos(2f C t   )
 A cos  2 f c t  ; binary 0

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BPSK Modulation ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
 cos(2f C t )
1
X cos(2f C t )  cos(2f C t   )  X cos 4f C t  X  Gain *
X
2 2 Decision
X LPF making

2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A

- B)

 1
X cos(2f C t ) cos(2f C t )  X  cos 2(2f C t )  cos(0)
2 
1
 X cos 4f C t  X 
2

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 Figure 5.13 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK

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 Example 8
Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at
2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode.

Solution
For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 1000. But in 8-PSK the
bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is
3,000 bps.

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 Example 9
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal,
what are the baud rate and bit rate?

Solution
For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-PSK the
bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is
15,000 bps.

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
 Bit representation
 Combination of ASK and PSK
 Changing Amplitude & Phase of Career Signal
 One bit, One signal unit

Ex ‘0’ -> A1, Φ1

‘1’ -> A2, Φ2

 Benefit
 Less effected by noise compared to ASK
 Require less bandwidth
 Disadvantage
 Complex demodulation technique
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 Figure 5.14 The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations

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 Figure 5.15 Time domain for an 8-QAM signal

8-QAM = 2n-QAM=23-PSK

Bit rate = n x baud rate

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 Figure 5.16 16-QAM constellations

ITU-T recommendation
OSI recommendation

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 cos(2f C t )

X
X
Digital Data Series-to- QAM signal
Parallel +
“11 01 00 10 01” Y
X X cos(2f C t )  Y sin(2f C t )
 cos B cos A  sin B sin A
 cos( A  B)
sin( 2f C t )

X Y XcosA + YsinA = cos(A-B) Ѳ

[0,1] [1,-1] [0,1] [1,-1] cosAcosB + sinAsinB
0 1 0 1 “1”cosA + “1” sinA cos(A-45) 45
0 1 1 -1 “1”cosA + “-1” sinA cos(A+45) -45
1 -1 0 1 “-1”cosA + “1” sinA cos(A-135) 135
1 -1 1 -1 “-1”cosA + “-1” sinA cos(A+135) -135

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QAM Modulation ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
 cos(2f C t )
1
 X cos 4f C t  X  Gain *
X
2 2
X LPF Digital Data
Parallel-
X cos(2f C t )  Y sin(2f C t ) to-Serial “11 01 00 10 01”
X LPF
1 Y
  Y cos(4f C t )  Y  Gain *
2
2

sin( 2f C t )
X cos(2f C t )  Y sin(2f C t )cos(2f C t ) X cos(2f C t )  Y sin(2f C t )sin(2f C t )
 X cos(2f C t ) cos(2f C t )  Y sin(2f C t ) cos(2f C t )  X cos(2f C t ) sin(2f C t )  Y sin(2f C t ) sin(2f C t )
1  1 
 X  cos 2(2f C t )  cos(0)  (Y * 0)  ( X * 0)  Y   cos 2(2f C t )  cos(0)
2  2 
1 1
 X cos 4f C t  X    Y cos(4f C t )  Y 
2 2

2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A 2 sinA sinB = - cos (A + B) + cos (A

- B) - B)

QAM Demodulation
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 Figure 5.17 Bit and baud

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 Table 5.1 Bit and baud rate comparison

Modulation Units Bits/Baud Baud rate Bit Rate

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK Bit 1 N N

4-PSK, 4-QAM Dibit 2 N 2N

8-PSK, 8-QAM Tribit 3 N 3N

16-QAM Quadbit 4 N 4N
32-QAM Pentabit 5 N 5N
64-QAM Hexabit 6 N 6N
128-QAM Septabit 7 N 7N
256-QAM Octabit 8 N 8N
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 Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced
points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?

3 bits/baud
Solution
The constellation indicates 8-PSK
with the points 45 degrees apart.
Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted
with each signal unit. Therefore,
the baud rate is
4800 / 3 = 1600 baud/s
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 Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal.

Solution
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since
log216 = 4.
Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps

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 Example 12
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000-bps 64-QAM
signal.
Solution

A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since

log2 64 = 6.
Thus,
72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud

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 5.2 Telephone Modems

Modem Standards

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 Figure 5.18 Telephone line bandwidth

A telephone line has a bandwidth of

almost 2400 Hz for data transmission.
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 Note:

Modem stands for

modulator/demodulator.

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 Figure 5.19 Modulation/demodulation

True True

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 Baud Rate for Half-Duplex ASK

BWASK = Baud rateASK = 2400 Baud/s

Bit rateASK = Baud rateASK = 2400 bps

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 Baud Rate for Full-Duplex ASK

BWASK = Baud rateASK = 1200 Baud/s

Bit rateASK = Baud rateASK = 1200 bps

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 Baud Rate for Half-Duplex FSK

BWFSK = Baud rateFSK + (fc1 – fc0)

Bit rateFSK = Baud rateFSK = BWFSK – (fc1 – fc0)

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 Baud Rate for Full-Duplex FSK

BWFSK = Baud rateFSK + (fc1 – fc0)

Bit rateFSK = Baud rateFSK = BWFSK – (fc1 – fc0)

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 Bell Modems

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 Bell Modems

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 ITU Modems

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 ITU Modems

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 V.22bis 16-QAM Constellation

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 V.32 Constellation

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 V.33 Constellation

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 Figure 5.20 The V.32 constellation and bandwidth

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 Figure 5.21 The V.32bis constellation and bandwidth

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 Figure 5.22 Traditional modems

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 Figure 5.23 56K modems

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 The 56K Digital Modem

A 56K modem is based upon one of two standards:

- V.90 - Upstream speed is maximum 33,600 bps
- V.92 - Newer standard which allows maximum
upstream speed of 48 Kbps (under ideal
conditions) and can place a data connection
on hold if the telephone service accepts call
waiting and a voice telephone call arrives

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 5.3 Modulation of Analog Signals

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Phase Modulation (PM)

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 Figure 5.24 Analog-to-analog modulation

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 Note:

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal:
BWt = 2 x BWm.

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 Figure 5.26 Amplitude modulation

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 Amplitude Modulation
AM  G[m(t )]  g c(t )

 G[cos( t )]  g cos(t )

 G cos( t ) cos(t )  g cos(t )

G G
 cos(   )t  cos(   )t  g cos(t )
2 2

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 Figure 5.27 AM bandwidth

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 Figure 5.28 AM band allocation

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 Example 13
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 KHz.
What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the
signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations.

Solution
An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the
original signal:
BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz

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 Note:

The total bandwidth required for FM

can be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal:
BWt = 10 x BWm.

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 Figure 5.29 Frequency modulation

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 Figure 5.30 FM bandwidth

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 Note:

The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal

is usually 15 KHz. Therefore, an FM
station needs at least a bandwidth of
150 KHz. The FCC requires the
minimum bandwidth to be at least 200
KHz (0.2 MHz).

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 Figure 5.31 FM band allocation

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 Example 14
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz.
What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the
signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulations.

Solution
An FM signal requires 10 times the bandwidth of the
original signal:
BW = 10 x 4 MHz = 40 MHz

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