UNIT – III

WORKING WITH PHP ARRAYS &

FUNCTIONS

Prepared By: Dilip Variya,

Lecturer, Computer Engineering,
Shri K.J. Polytechnic, Bharuch
Unit Content
• 3.1 Array
• Types of Array, Arrays definition, Creating arrays; using arrays() function,
using Array identifier, defining start index value, adding more elements
to array
• 3.2 Associative arrays
• key-value pair, using for-each statement to go through individual
element with loop.
• 3.3Functions
• defining a user defined function, calling function, returning values from
function, Variable scope, Accessing variables with global statement,
• 3.4 Setting default values for arguments
• passing with values and passing with reference,
• 3.5Working with string, Dates and Time functions, common mathematical
functions
• Working with string, Dates and Time functions, common mathematical
functions
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.1 Definition

• An array is a data structure that stores multiple values in a

single
variable.

• In array elements are stored in the form of Key-Value pair.

• Each element in the array can be identified using its key

along with name of the array.

• There are two types of arrays:

– Indexed/Numeric arrays and
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.2 Types of Array

• There are two types of arrays:

– Numeric/Indexed arrays : In numeric array, each element having

numeric key associated with it, that is starting from 0.

– Associative arrays : In Associative array, each element having key in

the form of String associated with it.
3.1 Arrays
• Numeric arrays :

• Arrays with a numeric key (index) is known as Numeric or Indexed

Array.

• Creating Numeric Array

• There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
1. using array()
2. using array identifier
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.3 Creating Array using array()
function

• Numeric array can be created using array() function.

• Syntax :

• $array_name = array ( Value1, Value2, Value3, ……);

• In Numeric array, each elements are assigned a numeric Key value

starting from 0 for first element and so on.
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.3 Creating Array using array()
function
• Example :
Output:
<?php
Array( [0] => A [1] => B [2] => C
$MyArray = array(“A”, “B”, )
“C”); print_r ( $MyArray );
?>

<?php Output:
$MyArray = array(“A”, “B”,
B
“C”); echo $MyArray[1];
?>
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.4 Creating Array using array identifier

• PHP allows you to create an array using array identifier as

shown
below:

• Syntax :
• $array_name [] = Value1 ;
• $array_name [] = Value2 ;
• $array_name [] = Value3 ;
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.4 Creating Array using array
identifier
• Example :
<?php
$ MyArray *+ = “A”;
$ MyArray *+ = Output:
“B” ;
$ MyArray *+ = Array( [0] => A [1] => B [2] => C
)
“C” ; print_r
( $MyArray );
?>
<?php
$ MyArray *+ = “A”;
$ MyArray *+ = Output:
“B” ;
$ MyArray *+ = B
“C” ; echo
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.5 Start Index value :

• By default starting index of an array is 0. It is incremented by 1 for the

each
successive elements of an array.

• However it is also possible to define start index of an array explicitly

while creating array.
3.1 Arrays
• 3.1.5 Start Index value :

• Example :
<?php
$MyArray = array(10 => “A”, “B”,
“C”);
print_r
Output:
? ( $MyArray );
> Array( [10] => A [11] => B [12] => C
)
<?php
$ MyArray *10+ =
“A”;
Output:
$ MyArray *+ = “B” ;
Array( [10] => A [11] => B [12] => C
$ MyArray *+ = )
“C” ; print_r
3.1 Arrays
Adding more elements to array :

• Once you create an array using either array() function or using an array
identifier,
you can add more elements to an array using array identifier.

• Example:
<?php
$MyArray = array(“A”, “B”, “C”);
print_r ( $MyArray );
$ MyArray *+ = “D” ;
$ MyArray *+ = “E” ;
echo “<br/>”;
print_r
( $MyArray );
?>
Out
3.1 Arrays
Adding more elements to
array
:

• Example:
<?php
$ MyArray *10+ = “A”;
$ MyArray *+ = “B” ;
$ MyArray *+ = “C” ;
print_r
( $MyArray );

$ MyArray *+ = “D” ;
? $ MyArray *+ =Output:
>
“E” ; echo Array( [10] => A [11] => B [12] => C )
“<br/>”; Array( [10] => A [11] => B [12] => C [13] => D [14] => E
3.2 Associative Array
• In Associative array, each element having key in the form of String
associated
with it.

• You can use array() function to create an associative array.

• Syntax :

• $array_name = array ( Key1 => Value1, Key2 => Value2, Key3 => Value3,
……);
3.2 Associative Array
• Example - 1 :

<?php
$MyArray = array ( “Sachin” => 60, “Sehwag” => 80, “Virat” =>
120); print_r ( $MyArray );
?>

Output:
Array( [Sachin] => 60 [Sehwag] => 80 [Virat] => 120 )
3.2 Associative Array

• Example – 2 :

<?php
$MyArray = array ( “Sachin” => 60, “Sehwag” => 80, “Virat” =>
120); echo “Run Scored by Virat : ” . $MyArray *“Virat”+;
?>

Output:
Run Scored by Virat : 120
3.2 Associative Array

• Example – 3 :

<?php
$MyArray*“Sachin”+ = 60 ;
$MyArray* “Sehwag”+ = 80;
$MyArray*“Virat”+ = 120;

echo “Run Scored by Virat : ” . $MyArray

*“Virat”+;
?>
Output:
Run Scored by Virat : 120
3.2 Associative Array
• for each statement

• The Foreach loop is used to loop over all the elements of an

array.

• Syntax:

• foreach (array as value)

{
code to be executed;
}

foreach (array as key => value)

{
code to be executed;
}
 3.2 Associative Array
• for each statement

• The example below demonstrates the Foreach loop that will

print the values of the given array:

<?php
$person = array('name' => 'Andrew', 'age' => 21);

foreach ($person as $value)

{
echo $value . "<br />";
}
?
Output:
>
Andre
w 21
3.2 Associative Array
• for each statement

• An alternative form of For each loop gives you access to the current
key:

<?php
$person = array(“Name” => “Andrew”, “Age” => 21);

foreach ($person as $key => $value)

{
echo $key . “ is “ . $value . "<br />";
}
?>
Output:
Name is
Andrew Age is
3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.1 Defining Function
• In PHP user defined function can be defined using function statement.

• Syntax:

function function_name ( Argument_LIST )

{
//Statement Block;
}

• In Above syntax, function_name can be any name that you want to define
as function.

• Argument list is a collection of variables, separated by commas.

3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.1 Defining
Function
• Example:

• <?php

function display ()
{
echo “Name : Mayur
Thakkar”
}
?>
3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.2 Calling Function
• Once you define a function in your script, you can call it any number of
times
from any where in the script.

• Syntax:

function_name();

• Example:

display();
3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.2 Calling Function
• Example:

• <?php

function display ()
{
echo “Name : Mayur
Thakkar”;
}
display();
? Output:
>
Name : Mayur
Thakkar
3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.3 Passing arguments to Function
• Sometimes it is required to pass arguments to the function while calling
the
function.

• Example:

• <?php

function display ($name)

{
echo “Name : “ . $name;
}
display(“Mayur
? Thakkar”); Output:
> Name : Mayur
Thakkar
3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.4 Returning values from function
• Sometimes it is required that the function should return a value to the
point from which the function is called:
• Example:
• <?php
function sum ($a, $b)
{
echo “Name : “ . $name;
$c = $a + $b;

return $c
}

echo “Sum = sum(3,5)

? ”. ;
>
3.3 User Defined Function
• 3.3.5 Variable Scope
• The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be
used.

• PHP has three different variable scopes:

– local
– Global
3.3 User Defined Function
• Accessing local variable
• A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be
accessed
within that function.

• Example:
• <?php
function myTest()
{
$x = 5; / / local
echo “ X = “. scope
$x ;
}myTest();

/ / using x outside the function will generate an

error echo “ X = “. $x ;
?>
3.3 User Defined Function
• Accessing variable with global statement
• A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only
be
accessed outside a function.
• Example:
<?php

$x = 5; myTest() / / global scope

function
{
echo “ X = $x ; / / using x inside the function will generate an
“. error
}
myTest();

echo “ X = “.

$x ;
?>
3.3 User Defined Function
• Accessing variable with global statement
• The global variable can be accessed within function using global
keyword.

• Example:
<?php

function
$x = 5; myTest() / / global scope
{
global $x;
echo “ X = $x . “<br/>”;
“.
}
myTest();
echo “ X = “.

$x ;
3.3 User Defined Function
• Accessing variable with global statement
• PHP also stores all global variables in an array called
$GLOBALS[index].
• The index holds the name of the variable.
• Example:
<?php

$x = 5; / / global scope
function myTest()
{
echo $GLOBALS[“x”] . “<br/> “;
}

myTest();
echo “ X = “. $x ;
?>
 3.4 User Defined Function
• 3.4.1 Setting Default values for Arguments
• When you define a function that accepts arguments, you must pass that
many arguments while calling the function. If you pass wrong number of
arguments at the time of calling the function then it will generate a error
message.

• In PHP, you can define a function having default arguments. So if you don’t
pass the value for that argument then it will consider the default value for
that argument.

• But if you pass the explicit value for that argument then it will overwrite
the default argument value.

• The default arguments must be specified after all non default arguments in
the function.
3.4 User Defined Function
• 3.4.1 Setting Default values for
Arguments
• Syntax:

function function_name ($arg1 , $arg2=Value)

{
• }
Example:
<?php
function Area ($radius ,
$pi=3.14)
{
$a = $pi * $r *
$r; return $a; Output:
}
$r=3; Area of Circle:
echo “Area of Circle: ” . Area($r); 28.26
?
3.4 User Defined Function
• 3.4.2 Passing arguments with values
• When you pass arguments to the function, the values of the passed
arguments are copied into the argument variables declared inside the
argument list of function definition.

• Thus called function works with copies of argument instead of original passed
arguments. So any changes made to these variables in the body of the
function are local to that function and are not reflected outside it.
3.4 User Defined Function
• 3.4.2 Passing arguments with
values
• Example:
<?php
function swap ($a ,
$b) Output:
{
Before Swap: a = 2 and b =
$c = $a;
5 After Swap: a = 2 and b
$a = $b; =5
$b = $c;
}
$a = 2;
$b = 5;
echo “Before Swap: ” . “a = $a and b = $b ” . “<br/>”;
swap($a,$b);
echo “After Swap: ” . “a = $a and b = $b ”;

?>
3.4 User Defined Function
• 3.4.3 Passing arguments with Reference

• In order to work with original variable, that are passed as an

argument within called function, we have to pass arguments by
reference instead of passing arguments by value.

• When arguments are passed by reference, the function works with

original variable instead of copies of that variable.

• In order to pass arguments by reference, each argument in the

function definition should be proceeded by an ampersand (&) sign.
3.4 User Defined Function
• 3.4.3 Passing arguments with
• Reference
Example:
<?php
function swap ( &$a ,
&$b) Output:
{
$c = $a; Before Swap: a = 2 and b =
$a = $b; 5 After Swap: a = 5 and b
$b = $c; =2
}
$a = 2;
$b = 5;
echo “Before Swap: ” . “a = $a and b = $b ” . “<br/>”;
swap($a,$b);
echo “After Swap: ” . “a = $a and b = $b ”;

?>
3.5.1 String Functions
• String functions allow you to manipulate the string in various ways.
• You can perform different operations on string using these
functions.
• Different string functions in PHP are as below:
– chr
– Ord
– Strtolower
– Strtoupper
– Strlen
– Ltrim
– Rtrim
– Trim
– Substr
– Strcmp
3.5.1 String Functions
• chr : Returns a one-character string containing the character specified
by ASCII value.

• Syntax:
string chr ( ASCII – VALUE )

• The parameter ASCII is the ASCII code of a character.

• Example:

<? Output:
php echo A
? chr(65) ;
>
3.5.1 String Functions
• ord : Returns the ASCII value of the first character of
string.

• Syntax: int ord ( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo ord(“A")."<br />";
? echo ord(“AJAY")."<br />“;
> Output:
65
65
3.5.1 String Functions
• strtolower : returns string with all alphabetic
characters converted to lowercase.

• Syntax: string strtolower ( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo strtolower(“Hello”) . “<br/>”;
echo strtolower(“HELLO”) . “<br/>”;
? Output:
>
hell
o
3.5.1 String Functions
• strtoupper : Returns string with all alphabetic
characters converted to uppercase.

• Syntax: string strtoupper ( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo strtoupper(“Hello”) . “<br/>”;
echo strtoupper(“hello”) . “<br/>”;
? Output:
>
HELL
O
3.5.1 String Functions
• strlen : returns the length of the given
string.

• Syntax: int strlen ( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo strlen(“Hello”);
?>
Output:
5
3.5.1 String Functions
• ltrim : removes whitespace from the beginning of a
string.

• Syntax: string ltrim ( string )

• Example:

<?php echo Hello

? ltrim(“ World”) ;
> Output:
Hello World
3.5.1 String Functions
• rtrim : removes whitespace from the end of a
string.

• Syntax: string rtrim ( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo rtrim(“Hello World

”) ;
?>
Output:
3.5.1 String Functions
• trim : removes whitespace from the beginning and end of
a string.

• Syntax: string trim ( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo Hello World
? rtrim(“ ”) ;
>
Output:
Hello World
3.5.1 String Functions
• substr : return part of a string.

• Syntax: string substr ( string, int start [, int

length ] )

• Example:

<?php
echo substr( “Hello World” , 6 ) . “<br/>”;
echo substr( “Hello World” , 0, 5 ) ;
?> Output:
Worl
d
3.5.1 String Functions
• strcmp :accepts two string (comma separated) as
input to compare and returns an int (integer).

• Syntax: int strcmp ( str1 , str2 )

Return Values:
 Returns < 0 if str1 is less than str2;
 Returns > 0 if str1 is greater than str2, and
 Returns 0 if they are equal.

• Example: Output:
 <?php echo strcmp( “A” , “A” ) . “<br/>”; 0
echo strcmp( “A” , “B” ) . -1
 ?> “<br/>”;
3.5.1 String Functions
• strrev : Reverse a string.

• Syntax: string strrev

( string )

• Example:

<?php
echo strrev( “Hello” ) ;
?>

Output:
olleH
3.5.2 Date Functions
• Date function allows you to display date and time in different
format and manipulate it.
• Different date functions in PHP are as below:

– date
– getdate
– checkdate
3.5.2 Date Functions
• date : returns a string in the specified format for a date and
time.
• Syntax: string
Output:
date(format) 15/09/16
Thu/Sep/2016
15/09/16 05:41:30
• Example:
<? am
Thu/Sep/2016
php echo date(d/m/y) .
05:41:30 AM
“<br/>”; echo date(D/M/Y)
. “<br/>”;
echo date(d/m/y h:i:s a) .
“<br/>”; echo date(D/M/Y h:i:s
A) .
3.5.2 Date Functions
• getdate : returns an array with date, time information
for an unix timestamp.

• Syntax: getdate(timestamp)

• Example:

<?php
print_r(getdate());
?>

Output:
Array ( [seconds] => 30 [minutes] => 41 [hours] => 5 [mday] => 15
[wday]
=> 4 [mon] => 9 [year] => 2016 [yday] => 258 [weekday] => Thursday
3.5.2 Date Functions
• checkdate : check the validity of a given date.

• Syntax: boolean checkdate (int month,

int day, int year)

• Example:

<?php
echo checkdate(2,28,2016) .
“<br/>”;
echo checkdate(28,2,2016) .
“<br/>”;
?>
3.5.3 Time Functions
• Different time functions in PHP are as
below:
– time
– mktime
3.5.3 Time Functions
• time : return the current Unix
timestamp.
• Syntax: time(void
)
• Example
:
<?php
echo time() ;
?>
Output:
1473918090
3.5.3 Time Functions
• mktime : is used to get unix timestamp for a
date.

• Syntax mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year)
:
• Example:

<?php
echo mktime(0,0,0,1,2,1970);
?>
Output:
86400
3.5.4 Math Functions
• Math functions allow to perform various operations on numeric
values.

• Different math functions in PHP are as below:

– abs
– ceil
– floor
– round
– fmod
– min
– max
– pow
– sqrt
 Thank You
*******

ANY QUESTION?