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    Bio Project

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    PADMESH Dongre
    The document discusses immunity and the body's defense systems against pathogens. It describes the four main ways germs can enter the body and outlines both the innate and acquired immune systems. The innate system provides non-specific and specific natural resistance through barriers like skin and mucus as well as white blood cells. The acquired system develops resistance through active immunity from infection or passive immunity from antibodies. Vaccines work by introducing killed, weakened, or inactivated toxins to induce antibody production and immunization.

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    Bio Project

    Uploaded by

    PADMESH Dongre
    51 views10 pages
    The document discusses immunity and the body's defense systems against pathogens. It describes the four main ways germs can enter the body and outlines both the innate and acquired immune systems. The innate system provides non-specific and specific natural resistance through barriers like skin and mucus as well as white blood cells. The acquired system develops resistance through active immunity from infection or passive immunity from antibodies. Vaccines work by introducing killed, weakened, or inactivated toxins to induce antibody production and immunization.

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    The document discusses immunity and the body's defense systems against pathogens. It describes the four main ways germs can enter the body and outlines both the innate and acquired immune systems. The innate system provides non-specific and specific natural resistance through barriers like skin and mucus as well as white blood cells. The acquired system develops resistance through active immunity from infection or passive immunity from antibodies. Vaccines work by introducing killed, weakened, or inactivated toxins to induce antibody production and immunization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    51 views10 pages

    Bio Project

    Uploaded by

    PADMESH Dongre
    The document discusses immunity and the body's defense systems against pathogens. It describes the four main ways germs can enter the body and outlines both the innate and acquired immune systems. The innate system provides non-specific and specific natural resistance through barriers like skin and mucus as well as white blood cells. The acquired system develops resistance through active immunity from infection or passive immunity from antibodies. Vaccines work by introducing killed, weakened, or inactivated toxins to induce antibody production and immunization.

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    AIDS TO HEALTH

    BIOLOGY PROJECT
    PRESENTED BY: AVNI DESAI
    WHAT IS IMMUNITY?
    The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by
    the action of specific antibodies is called immunity.

    Four ways germs may enter our body-


    • Directly through skin
    • Through eyes, nose and urinary tracts
    • Through the air we breathe
    • Through food or water intake
    1) LOCAL DEFENCE SYSTEM

    SKIN – skin is the outer tough layer , it is impermeable to germs.


    2) HAIRS

    3) MUCUS – it is slimy secretion of the epithelial lining of various organs .


    it helps to trap many bacteria and prevents them from entering the body.

    - coughing, sneezing and vomiting are direct methods to throw out the
    germs or any foreign substances which get into the respiratory or
    digestive system.
    - Saliva , sweat , tears contain germ killing substances.
    - White blood cells also help in fighting any germs that might enter the
    body.
    IMMUNE SYSTEM
    The organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and
    toxins is called immune system.
    Immunity is the capacity of our body to deal with foreign substances like
    bacteria, virus , toxins etc that enter the body and to render them harmless.
    Innate
    immunity
    immunity possessed by a group (as a species or race) that is present in an individual
    at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen and that includes components
    (as intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement)
    which provide an initial response against infection.

    -NON-SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY


    A degree of natural resistance to all infections in general.

    -SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY


    This is a natural resistance to a particular kind of germ only .some races or some individuals do not
    suffer from certain infectious diseases. For eg – disease of dogs called distemper
    ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
    Resistance to a diseases which an individual acquires during his life time .

    -ACTIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY


    This is a resistance developed by an individual due to a previous infection .
    It is usually long lasting .

    -PASSIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY


    This is the immunity provided to an individual not by his own body but from an outside source in the form of ready
    made antibodies.
    ANTIBODIES
    Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes
    as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

    - Our body can make unlimited variety of different antibodies.


    - Antibodies are specific .
    - The antibody recognizes its particular antigen and immediately reacts with it and
    eliminates it
    VACCINATION
    treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease is called vaccination.
    The vaccine or germ substance is introduced into the body usually by injection and
    sometimes orally.

    CATEGORIES OF VACCINES –
    -killed germs; eg TAB vaccine for typroid
    -living weakened germs ; eg BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
    - Toxoids (inactivated toxins secreted by bacteria ) eg tetanus

    IMMUNISATION
    Developing resistance to disease producing germs or their toxins
    by introducing killed or weakened germ substances to induce the
    production of specific antibodies.

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