July 2020 Semester

CHAPTER 2.2

WIND ENERGY
 Energy and Power in the Wind
 Wind Turbines
 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
 Power and Energy from Wind Turbines
 Definition

WIND?????

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/k-8/inquiryinaction/kindergart
en/wind.html Atmospheric air in motion!
ENERGY FROM MOVING AIR

 Wind is simply air in motion. It is

caused by the uneven heating of the
Earth's surface by the sun
 Because the Earth's surface is made
of very different types of land and
water, it absorbs the sun's heat at
different rates. One example of this
uneven heating can be found in
the daily wind cycle.
 The daily wind circle
 During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly
than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands
and rises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its
place, creating wind. At night, the winds are reversed
because the air cools more rapidly over land than over water.

 In the same way, the atmospheric winds that circle the earth
are created because the land near the Earth's equator is
heated more by the sun than the land near the North and
South Poles

https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Factors-that-Control-Regional-Climate/255

https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/atmospheric-effects/wind-formation
Energy & Power
from WIND
 I

E
E

Y
R
D

G
N
N
W

o generate mechanical power or electricity.

convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
wer. This mechanical power can be used for
(such as grinding grain or pumping water) or
an convert this mechanical power into

s the blades, which spin a shaft, which

turbine generator and makes electricity.
 Energy and Power from WIND

KINETIC ENERGY
(FROM WIND)

MECHANICAL POWER
(FROM MILLS, GEARBOX)

ELECTRICITY
(BY GENERATOR)
Wind Energy for Electricity Generation

 Like old fashioned windmills, today’s wind machines (also

called wind turbines) use blades to collect the wind’s kinetic
energy. The wind flows over the blades creating lift, like the
effect on airplane wings, which causes them to turn. The blades
are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator to
produce electricity.
Main structure of windmills
Schematic of windmills system
Simple
schematic
HISTORY OF
WINDMILLS
Wind Power History
Grinding grains using windmills

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_xdmzvCSw8
Types of Wind Turbine

 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)

 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
Darrieus Wind Turbine(lift force driven)

Savonius Wind Turbine (drag force driven)

Propeller Rotor comprises of two or three
aerodynamic blades made from strong but
lightweight material such as fibre glass
reinforced plastic. The diameter of the rotor
ranges from 2m to 25m. Blade slope is
designed using the same aerodynamic theory
as for the aircraft.
VERTICAL AXIS
Horizontal Axel Wind Turbine (HAWT)

 similar design to a windmill

 has blades that look like a propeller that spin on the horizontal
axis.
 have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a
tower, and must be pointed into the wind.
 have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the rotor into a
faster rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical
generator.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
 has the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.  
 the wind turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind.
 this is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is
highly variable or has turbulent winds.
VAWT Types

A ) Darrieus wind turbine

 commonly called "Eggbeater" turbines
 good efficiency, but produce large torque
ripple and cyclic stress on the tower,
which contributes to poor reliability.
 require some external power source, or
an additional Savonius rotor, to start
turning, because the starting torque is
very low. The torque ripple is reduced by
using three or more blades which results
in a higher solidity for the rotor.
B) Savonius wind turbine
 A Savonius is a drag type turbine, they are commonly used in
cases of high reliability in many things such as ventilation and
anemometers.
 less efficient than the common HAWT.
 Savonius are excellent in areas of turbulent wind and self
starting.
HOW IT WORKS
How it works?
Opposite of a Fan
Wind
spinning
Blades

Shaft

Motor
Generator
Electricity
Lift & Drag Force
 https://www.energy.gov/maps/how-does-wind-turbine-wor

How it works k#:~:text=Wind%20turbines%20operate%20on%20a,a%2

0generator%20to%20create%20electricity.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE&t=225s
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KE65O44q9o
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE5FqNGn53E&feature=y
outu.be
Inside the wind turbine
PROs AND CONs
OF
WIND ENERGY
Strengths & Weaknesses of wind energy systems
 Undesired environmental impact of wind turbines
1. The land use impact of wind power facilities have complained about any aesthetic impacts to the
facilities varies substantially noise: the sound and vibration landscape. One strategy being used
depending on the site: wind turbines issues, most of the sound generated to partially offset visual impacts is
placed in flat areas typically use by wind turbines is aerodynamic, to site fewer turbines in any one
more land than those located in hilly caused by the movement of turbine location by using multiple
areas. blades through the air. There is also locations and by using today's larger
mechanical sound generated by the and more efficient models of wind
2. The impact of wind turbines on turbine itself. Overall sound levels turbines.
wildlife, most notably on birds and depend on turbine design and wind
bats deaths from collisions with speed. *As wind turbines have
wind turbines and due to changes in become more efficient, more of the
air pressure caused by the spinning wind is converted into rotational
turbines. project developers are torque and less into acoustic noise.
required to collect data Additionally, proper
through monitoring efforts at siting and insulating materials can
existing and proposed wind energy be used to minimize noise impacts.
sites. *Careful site selection is
needed to minimize fatalities and in
some cases additional research may
be needed to address bird and bat 4. Aesthetic issues are by their nature
impact issues. highly subjective. *Proper
3. Some people living close to wind siting decisions can help to avoid
 FUNDAMENTALS
EQUATION OF WIND
POWER
Fundamentals Eqn of wind power
Efficiency in extracting wind power
WIND POWER for
FUTUREs
Future technology development
End of Chapter