Lecture 1.1.1 Intro To Database

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING
UNIT-1
Bachelor of Science (Computer Science)
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(21SCT212)
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

COURSE OUTCOMES:
SYLLABUS (UNIT – I)
Chapter 1.1 : Characteristics of database approach, various views of data models,

Introduction to database languages & environments, Advantages of DBMS over file
processing systems, DBMS Architecture and Data Independence, DBA and its role.
Chapter 1.2 : E-R Diagram, mapping constraints, keys, reduction of E-R diagram into
tables. Roles and structural constraints, entities types, Enhanced E-R and object
modelling, Sub classes; Super classes, inheritance, specialization and generalization.
Self-learning: Network & Hierarchical Models.
Chapter 1.3 : Normalization: Functional dependency, fully functional dependency,

Normal forms, canonical cover.
SYLLABUS (UNIT – II)
Chapter 2.1 : File organization:- File organization – various kinds of indexes.

Relational model concepts, relational constraints, relational algebra SQL: SQL queries,
joins, SQL statements, SQL functions. .
Chapter 2.2 : Introduction to P1/SQL, Basic concepts.

SYLLABUS (UNIT – III)
Chapter 3.1 : Transaction Concept- Transaction State- Implementation of Atomicity and

Durability - Concurrent – Executions - Serializability- Recoverability – Implementation of
Isolation – Testing for serializability- Lock-Based Protocols – Timestamp Based Protocols-
Validation-Based Protocols – Multiple Granularity
Chapter 3.2 : Security and authorization. Recovery techniques, Database security.

Self-learning: Introduction to Distributed Data Processing.
Topics to be Covered
1. Concept of Data and Information

2. Difference between Data and Information
3. Introduction to Databases
4. Operations Performed on Databases
5. Characteristics of database approach
Overview of Databases
Data
Data is raw Facts. By the term raw, we mean the facts that have not yet been processes to
reveal their meaning
In simple words data can be facts related to any object in consideration.
• For example your name, age, height, weight, etc are some data related to you.
• A picture , image , file , pdf etc can also be considered data.
Example of Data
• Student fill an application form when they want to seek admission in a college. The
admission form when filled properly consists of raw facts about the student. These raw
facts are the student name, his father name, his address, his previous result etc.
Application Form
Poll Question
1. It considers facts symbols, images for reference or analysis.
a. Data
b. Information
c. Database
d. DBMS
Information
Information is manipulated and processed form of data i.e. it is meaningful form of data. It
is used for making decisions.
For example: Data collected from students admission form can be used to generate
different type of information.
It means this information is used for making decisions.
Thus to conclude information can be defined as the output produced when the data is
being manipulated.
Differences
Data V/S Information
Poll Question
The processed form of data is called as:

a) Data
b) Information
c) Database
d) Metadata
Database
Database is a systematic collection of data. Databases support storage and manipulation

of data. Databases make data management easy
Let's discuss few examples.
• An online telephone directory would definitely use database to store data pertaining to
people, phone numbers, other contact details, etc.
• Your electricity service provider is obviously using a database to manage billing , client
related issues, to handle fault data, etc.
Database
Let's also consider the facebook. It needs to store, manipulate and present data
related to members, their friends, member activities, messages, advertisements and
lot more.
We can provide countless number of examples for usage of databases .
Database Examples:
• Banking: accounts, Loans, customers
• Airlines: Reservation, Schedules
• Universities: Registration, Grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
Database
With the increase demand of data in various organizations such as banks,

university, railways, companies, telephone directories etc, it becomes a necessity
to store data in an organized way so that it can be used again and again.
So Proper Definition of Database will be:
A database is a well organized collection of data that are related in a

meaningful way, which can be shared by multiple users but stored only once.
Poll Question:
A collection of related data.

a) Information
b) Valuable information
c) Database
d) Metadata
Operations Performed on Databases
To maintain huge databases, we need certain operations which helps in maintaining the
data in the database efficiently.
The most commonly used operations performed on the databases are:
1. Insertion: To add new data into the database.
2. Updation: To Modify the existing data.
3. Deletion: To delete the existing data from the database
4. Selection: To view or retrieve the stored data.
In addition to the above basic operations performed on the data in the database
we can also perform operations like sorting, merging etc
Characteristics of database approach
1. Self-Describing Nature of a Database system:- The database system contains not only the
database itself but also a complete definition or description of the database structure and
constraints. This definition is stored is the DBMS catalog, which contains information like
structure, type, and storage format of each data.
2. Insulation between program and data:- In database systems, the data is stored
independently from the programs that access it. That is, you can modify data without need to
any changes in the programs this property is called program operation independence .
3. Support of multiple views of the data:- Database is shared among multiple users, each user
may require different information based on their requirement from the database. Each user
requirement is the view of database
4. Sharing of data transaction processing:- A multiuser DBMS allows access to database
simultaneously by more than one user at the same time using concurrency control software.
5.Security:- features like multiple views offer security to some extent. DBMS offers methods to
improve security by using constraints while entering data into the database and retrieving the
same at a later stage.
6. Query language:- query language makes it more efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. user
can apply as many and as different filtering option as required.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Fundamentals of Database Systems by R. Elmasri and S.B. Navathe, 3rd Edition,

Pearson Education, New Delhi.
An Introduction to Database Systems by C.J. Date, 7th Edition, Pearson Education, New
Delhi.
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UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

Chapter 1.1 : Characteristics of database approach, various views of data models,

Chapter 1.3 : Normalization: Functional dependency, fully functional dependency,

Chapter 2.1 : File organization:- File organization – various kinds of indexes.

Chapter 2.2 : Introduction to P1/SQL, Basic concepts.

Chapter 3.1 : Transaction Concept- Transaction State- Implementation of Atomicity and

Chapter 3.2 : Security and authorization. Recovery techniques, Database security.

1. Concept of Data and Information

In simple words data can be facts related to any object in consideration.

1. It considers facts symbols, images for reference or analysis.

The processed form of data is called as:

Database is a systematic collection of data. Databases support storage and manipulation

Let's discuss few examples.

With the increase demand of data in various organizations such as banks,

So Proper Definition of Database will be:

A database is a well organized collection of data that are related in a

A collection of related data.

Fundamentals of Database Systems by R. Elmasri and S.B. Navathe, 3rd Edition,

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