Sts Reporting Group 13

CLIMATE
CHANGE AND
ENERGY CRISIS
Here is where our presentation begins
Objectives:
• Identify the causes of climate change;
• Assess the various impact of climate change

including Economic, Geopolitical, biological,
meteorological, Etc.
• Apply STS concepts to issue the climate change;
• Identify possible ways by which change crisis can

be prevented.
INTRODUCTION
Climate change is one of the
fundamental challenges ever to
confront HUMANITY. Its adverse effects
being seen may intensify over time if
nothing is done about it.
What is Climate Change?
• It is a catch-all term for the shift in
worldwide weather phenomena associated
with an increase in global average
temperature.
• Climate change, also called global warming,

refers to the rise in average surface
temperatures on earth
Causes of
Climate Change
The causes of climate
change could be natural
or by human activities.

Natural causes
1. Volcanic Eruptions
● When volcanoes erupt, it emits different natural aerosols like carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxides, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or
dust, and even microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.
● The volcanic eruption can cause a cooling effect to the litosphere

because its emitted aerosol can block a certain percentage of solar
radiation.
● Volcanoes located near the equator are more likely to cause global
cooling because of the wind pattern.
● Volcanoes located near to north or south poles are less likely to cause
cooling because of pole wind pattern, the sulfurous aerosols are
confined in pole area
2. Orbital Changes
● The Milankovitch theory states "that as the Earth travels through space
around the Sun, cyclical variations in three elements of Earth-Sun
geometry combine to produce variations in the amount of solar energy
that reaches Earth (Academic Emporia, 2017)
● The three elements that have cyclic variations are eccentricity, obliquity
and precession.
● Eccentricity is a term used to describe the shape of Earth's orbit around

the Sun. The eccentricity influences seasonal differences: when Earth is
closest to the Sun, it gets more solar radiation.
2. Orbital Changes
● Obliquity is the variation of the tilt of Erato's axis away from the orbital
plane. Academic Emporia, 2017 states "the more tilt means more severe
seasons-warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means less severe
seasons-cooler summers and milder winters.
● Precession is the change in orientation of Earth's rotational axis.
● The change in the axis location changes the dates of perihelion (closest
distance from Sun) and aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun), and this
increases the seasonal contrast in one hemisphere while decreasing it in
the other hemisphere.
3. The Carbon Dioxide Theory
● Carbon dioxide (CO2) is added when power and heat are produced by
burning coal, oil and other fossil fuels.
● Carbon dioxide is transparent to sunshine but not invisible to infrared

(heat) radiation leaving the ground.
● Carbon dioxide absorbs part of the infrared radiation in the air near the
surface warmer than it would be if the carbon dioxide did not act like a
blanket.
4. Human Activities
● Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750), the overall effect of
human activities on climate during this era greatly exceed that due to
known changes in natural processes, such as solar changes and volcanic
eruptions, Human activities result in emissions of four principal
greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O) and the halocarbons (a group of gases containing fluorine, chlorine,
and bromine).
● Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar

radiation and outgoing infrared (thermal) radiation that are part of
Earth's energy balance.
4. Human Activities
● The greenhouse gases mentioned are natural gases. However, the high
level of these gases in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse
effect. The increasing amount of these gases is due to human activities.
● Deforestation releases carbon dioxide and reduces its uptake by plants.
● Ozone is another greenhouse gas that is continually produced and

destroyed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions.
● In the troposphere, human activities have increased ozone through the

release of gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxide, which chemically react to produce ozone.
4. Human Activities
● Halocarbons released by human activities destroy ozone in the
stratosphere and have caused the ozone hole over Antartica.
● While water vapor is the most abundant and important greenhouse gas in
the atmosphere, human activities have only a small direct influence on the
amount of atmospheric water vapor.
Effects of Climate Change
● Climate change could cause severe affects to all life forms around our
planet. It direct affects of people's lives like water, food, health, use of
land, and the environment.
● Such changes would have severe consequences for water availability and
flooding in tropical regions and threaten the livelihood of billions.
● Melting glaciers will increase flood risks during the wet season and
strongly reduce dry-season water supplies to one-sixth of the world's
population, predominantly in the Indian subcontinent, parts of China, and
the Andes in South America.
Effects of Climate Change
● Ocean edification, a direct result of rising carbon dioxide levels, will have
major effects on marine ecosystems, with possible adverse consequences
on fish stocks (Stern, 2007).
● Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition and

heat stress.
● Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one

study estimating that around 15-40% of species face extinction with 2oC of
warming.
● The consequences of climate change will become disproportionately more

damaging with increased warming.
THANKS FOR
LISTINING !!!
GROUP 13
PRESENTATION

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CLIMATE

• Assess the various impact of climate change

• Apply STS concepts to issue the climate change;

• Identify possible ways by which change crisis can

• Climate change, also called global warming,

● The volcanic eruption can cause a cooling effect to the litosphere

● Eccentricity is a term used to describe the shape of Earth's orbit around

● Precession is the change in orientation of Earth's rotational axis.

● Carbon dioxide is transparent to sunshine but not invisible to infrared

● Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar

● Deforestation releases carbon dioxide and reduces its uptake by plants.

● Ozone is another greenhouse gas that is continually produced and

● In the troposphere, human activities have increased ozone through the

● Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition and

● Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one

● The consequences of climate change will become disproportionately more

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