Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 66 views

    Blending

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Ahmed
    The document discusses blending in petroleum refineries. It aims to allocate blending components to meet product demands and specifications at lowest cost while maximizing profits. Most gasoline and distillate products are blended. Blending properties are predicted using mixing rules or blending indices, as some properties like RVP are non-additive. Correct blending is needed to meet all product specifications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Blending

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Ahmed
    66 views23 pages
    The document discusses blending in petroleum refineries. It aims to allocate blending components to meet product demands and specifications at lowest cost while maximizing profits. Most gasoline and distillate products are blended. Blending properties are predicted using mixing rules or blending indices, as some properties like RVP are non-additive. Correct blending is needed to meet all product specifications.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses blending in petroleum refineries. It aims to allocate blending components to meet product demands and specifications at lowest cost while maximizing profits. Most gasoline and distillate products are blended. Blending properties are predicted using mixing rules or blending indices, as some properties like RVP are non-additive. Correct blending is needed to meet all product specifications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    66 views23 pages

    Blending

    Uploaded by

    Hassan Ahmed
    The document discusses blending in petroleum refineries. It aims to allocate blending components to meet product demands and specifications at lowest cost while maximizing profits. Most gasoline and distillate products are blended. Blending properties are predicted using mixing rules or blending indices, as some properties like RVP are non-additive. Correct blending is needed to meet all product specifications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 23

    Blending

    OBJECTIVE

    The objective of product blending is to allocate the available


    blending components in such a way as to meet product demands
    and specifications at the least cost and to produce incremental
    products which maximize overall profit.

    In practice, all gasolines are blended. Most distillate products, fuel


    oils, lubricating oils, and even some solvents are blended. Some
    intermediate feed stocks and even some crude feeds to the
    pipestills are blended

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 1


    Blending

    For example, if a refiner sells about one billion gallons of gasoline


    per year (about 65,000 BPCD), a saving of one one-hundredth
    of a cent per gallon results in an additional profit of $100,000 per
    year.

    Some points to be remember in connection with blending are


    these:

    • All the material produced must be utilized. The choice often is,
    given several options, which disposition is the most profitable
    for a certain stream.

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 2


    Blending

    • Each lot of product shipped must meet all specifications.


    • Blending or correcting in another way is required, if one or
    more specifications is not met.
    • A specification is considered 'critical‘, if a cost is associated with
    meeting it.
    • Certain properties cannot be attained with hydrocarbons alone,
    or are more expensive to produce this way. Additives are used
    to provide or improve these properties.

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 3


    Blending

    Product qualities are predicted through correlations that depend


    on the quantities and the properties of the blended components.
    The desired property PBlend of the blended product may be
    determined using the following mixing blend rule:

    where Pi is the value of the property of component i and qi is the


    mass, volume or molar flow rate of component i contributing to
    the total amount of the finished product.

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 4


    Blending

    Another way of finding the blending property is used the blending


    indices.
    If the property is not an additive property. Blending indices are
    used. For example, RVP is not a additive property, since blending
    indices are used. A commonly used RVP index is based on an
    empirical method developed by Chevron Oil Trading Company
    (1971).

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 5


    Blending

    Reid Vapour Pressure Blending


    RVP is the vapour pressure at 100 F of a product determined in a
    volume of air four times the liquid volume. RVP is not an additive
    property. Therefore, RVP blending indices are used. A commonly
    used RVP index is based on an empirical method developed by
    Chevron Oil Trading Company (1971).

    where BIRVPi is the RVP blending index for component i and RVPi
    is the RVP of component i in psi.

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 6


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 7


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 8


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 9


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 10


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 11


    Blending

    Gasoline Octane Number Blending


    The octane number is a characteristic of spark engine fuels such as
    gasoline. Octane number is a measure of a fuel’s tendency to
    knock in a test engine compared to other fuels.

    If the octane number of a blend is calculated by the linear addition


    of an octane number for each component, the following equation
    can be obtained:

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 12


    Blending

    One correction method that uses the octane number index


    has been reported by Riazi (2005). The following octane index
    correlations depend on the octane number range as follows:

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 13


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 14


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 15


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 16


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 17


    Blending

    Flash Point Blending


    The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapours arises
    from oil ignites. It indicates the maximum temperature at which a
    fuel can be stored without serious hazard. If the flash point of a
    petroleum product does not meet the required specifications, it
    can be adjusted by blending this product with other fractions.
    The flash point of a blend is determined using the following
    equation:

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 18


    Blending

    where xvi is the volume fraction of component i, and BIFPi is the


    flash point index of component i that can be determined from the
    following correlation (Riazi, 2005):

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 19


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 20


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 21


    Blending

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 22


    THANK YOU

    CE-618 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 23

    You might also like