Chapter4-Program Design Aids

Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 4
Program Design Aids

ALGORITHMS
• The word Algorithms relates to the name
of the mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, which
means a procedure or a technique.
• An Algorithms is a step by step method
of solving a problem.
• It is commonly used for data processing ,
calculations and other related computer
and mathematical operations.
Characteristics of
Algorithm.
• Input: An algorithm may or may not
require an input.
• Output: each algorithm is expected to
produce at least one result.
• Definiteness: Each instruction must
be clear and unambiguous.
• Finiteness: An algorithm should
terminate after a finite number of
steps.
• Effectiveness: Every step must be
basic and essential.
• Feasibility: Should be feasible with
the available resources.
• Independent: It should have step by
step directions ,which should be
independent of any programming
code.
Advantage of Algorithm
• It is a step – wise representation of a
solution to a given problem, which
makes it easy to understand.
• It is not dependent on any
programming language.
• It is easy to understand for anyone
even without programming knowledge.
• Every step in an algorithm has its own
logical sequence so it is easy to
debug.
Disadvantage
• Time consuming.
• Space consuming.
Examples of Algorithms
Step 1 • Take a pan and boil approx. 200 ml of

water.
Step 2 • Add noodles and tastemaker to the boiling
water.
Step 3 • Stir constantly and cook in the open pan till
the water is soaked by the noodles.
Step 4 • Serve Hot.
Examples of Algorithms
Algorithm to find the sum of two numbers
Algorithm
Step-1 Start
Step-2 Input first numbers say A
Step-3 Input second number say B
Step-4 SUM = A + B
Step-5 Display SUM
Step-6 Stop
How to Design an Algorithm?
• The problem that is to be solved by this
algorithm.
• The constraints of the problem that must
be considered while solving the problem.
• The input to be taken to solve the problem.
• The output to be expected when the
problem the is solved.
• The solution to this problem, in the given
constraints.
Example: Consider the example to add three
numbers and print the sum.
• The problem that is to be solved by this

algorithm: Add 3 numbers and print their
sum.
• The constraints of the problem that must
be considered while solving the problem:
The numbers must contain only digits and
no other characters.
• The input to be taken to solve the problem: The
three numbers to be added.
• The output to be expected when the problem
the is solved: The sum of the three numbers taken
as the input.
• The solution to this problem, in the given
constraints: The solution consists of adding the 3
numbers. It can be done with the help of ‘+’
operator, or bit-wise, or any other method.
Algorithm
Step1:START
Step2: Declare 3 integer variables num1, num2 and
num3.
Step 3: Take the three numbers, to be added, as
inputs in variables num1, num2, and num3
respectively.
Step4: Declare an integer variable sum to store the
resultant sum of the 3 numbers.
Step5:Add the 3 numbers and store the result in the
variable sum.
Step6:Print the value of variable sum
Step7:END
Write the algorithm for the
following problems
1. Algorithm to bake a cake.
2.Algorithm to make coffee.
3.Algorithm to find Area and Perimeter of
Square.
4. Algorithm to find Area and Perimeter of
Triangle.
5.Algorithm to check the entered number is
prime or not.
Flow Charts
• A simple graphical representation of
steps.
• Shows steps in sequential order.
• Used in presenting the flow of
algorithm , workflow or process.
Uses boxes of various kinds and their
order by connecting them with arrow.
•The first flowchart was designed by John Von
Neumann in 1945.
•Flowchart uses different symbols to design a
solution to a problem.
•Flowchart is considered as a blue print of a
design used for solving specific problem.
• Flowcharts are also known as flow
diagrams, process Chart , process
map , work flow diagram.
• Flow chart can run horizontally or
vertically.
• Symbols are divided and standardised
into different shapes.
• Label for each steps are written inside
the shapes.
Disadvantages of
Flowchart
• Time and Space consuming
• Logic Complexity – When a process is relatively
complex, this can make a process flowchart look
messy and clumsy. ...
• Reproduction of a Flowchart – The last major
drawback pertaining to flowcharts is
that flowchart symbols cannot be typed. Requires
template r special software.
HW:
• Find the difference between Algorithm
and Flowcharts.
Control Structures in
Algorithm and Flow charts
• The algorithms and flowcharts include
the following types of algorithms,
–Sequence
–Branching(selection)
–Loop (Repetition)
• Sequence: statements are placed one
after the other an the execution takes
place starting from up to down.
• Branching: According to the condition ,
a decision of either TRUE or FALSE
achieved.
• If true--- one branch
• If false--- another branch.
• Loop( Repetition): allows a statement
to be executed repeatedly based on
certain loop condition.
• https://www.draw.io :free online

software for making flowcharts and
process diagrams
PSEUDOCODE
• A detailed readable description of what
a computer program or algorithm must
do.
• Use natural language
• Used to express the intent of the
program without being syntactically
correct.
• Intended for Human rather than
machines.
• Algorithm: step by step procedure to
solve a problem.
• Pseudocode : a method of writing
algorithm.
Advantages of Pseudocode
• it can be quickly and easily converted into an actual
programming language as it is similar to a
programming language
• it is fairly easy to understand, even for non-
programmers
• it does not matter if there are errors in the syntax - it
is usually still obvious what is intended
• changes to the design can be incorporated quite
easily
Disadvantages of Pseudocode
• It can be hard to see how a program
flows. For example, where does
following one path as opposed to
another take the program?
• It can be time consuming to produce.
• It cannot be compiled nor executed.
HW:
• Refer and make a note on Holography.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auJ
JrHgG9Mc
visit the link to view Demo: The magic
of AI neural TTS and holograms at
Microsoft Inspire 2019

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Artificial Intelligence

Program Design Aids

Step 1 • Take a pan and boil approx. 200 ml of

• The problem that is to be solved by this

• https://www.draw.io :free online

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