013 Wired LANs (CH 13)

Chapter 13
Wired LANs: Ethernet
13.1
 LAN
 A computer network designed for a limited
geographic area such as a building or campus
 LAN Technologies
 Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, FDDI, and ATM
 WAN
 A computer network designed for a large
geographic area such as cities or countries
13.2
13-1 IEEE STANDARDS
In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a

project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety
of manufacturers.
Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of the
physical layer and the data link layer of major LAN
protocols.
13.3
Figure 13.1 IEEE standard for LANs
13.4
DATA LINK LAYER (SUB-CATAGORIES)
1- LLC (Logical Link Control) layer

LLC Provides one single data link control protocol for all
IEEE LANs.
Note: The purpose of LLC is to provide flow and error control for the
upper layers and also sometime for Application layer (ch11)
2- MAC sub layer

MAC Provides different data link control protocols for
different LANs
Note: The purpose of MAC sub layer is to provide random access,
Controlled access and channelization (ch12)
FRAMING
LLC defines a PDU Protocol Data Unit
(examples. Segment, Packet, Frame)
13.5
Figure 13.2 HDLC frame Comparison with LLC and MAC frames
DSAP and SSAP are two header fields define the upper layer protocols at source and destination
13.6
13-2 STANDARD ETHERNET
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Since then, it has
gone through four generations.
We briefly discuss the Standard (or traditional)

Ethernet in this section.
13.7
Figure 13.3 Ethernet evolution through four generations
13.8
Figure 13.4 802.3 MAC frame Format
Preamble:
Used to alert the receiving system for the coming frame and synchronize its input timing
SFD:
Used to Warn the station of stations that this is the last chance of synchronization
Last two bits 11 alerts the receiver that the next field is the destination address
Length or Type:
Ethernet use it as a Type: to define the upper-layer protocol used for MAC frame
IEEE Standard use it as a Length: to define number of bytes in the data field
13.9
Figure 13.5 Minimum and maximum Frame lengths
13.10
Note
Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)
13.11
Figure 13.6 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation
13.12
Figure 13.7 Unicast and multicast and Broadcast addresses
Note:
A source address is always a unicast
Destination address can be unicast, multicast or broadcast
13.13
Note
The least significant bit of the first byte

defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.
13.14
Note
The broadcast destination address is a

special case of the multicast address in
which all bits are 1s.
13.15
Example 13.1
Define the type of the following destination addresses:

a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the
second hexadecimal digit from the left.
If it is even, the address is unicast. If it is odd, the address
is multicast. If all digits are F’s, the address is broadcast.
Therefore, we have the following:
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.
13.16
Example 13.2
Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on

line.
Solution
The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte;
for each byte

it is sent right-to-left, bit by bit, as shown below:
13.17
Standard Ethernet
Common Implementations
• Changes in the Standards

• FastEthernet Standard
• GigabitEthernet Standard
13.18
Figure 13.8 Categories of Standard Ethernet
13.19
Figure 13.9 Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation
13.20
Figure 13.10 10Base5 implementation
13.21
Figure 13.11 10Base2 implementation
13.22
Figure 13.12 10Base-T implementation
13.23
Figure 13.13 10Base-F implementation
13.24
Table 13.1 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations
13.25
13-3 CHANGES IN THE STANDARD
The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through

several changes before moving to the higher data
rates. These changes actually opened the road to the
evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other high-data-rate LANs.
13.26
Figure 13.14 Sharing bandwidth
13.27
Figure 13.15 A network with and without a bridge
13.28
Figure 13.16 Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network
13.29
Figure 13.17 Switched Ethernet
13.30
Figure 13.18 Full-duplex switched Ethernet
13.31
13-4 FAST ETHERNET
Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN

protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel.
IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u.

Fast Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a
rate of 100 Mbps.
13.32
Figure 13.19 Fast Ethernet topology
13.33
Figure 13.20 Fast Ethernet implementations
13.34
Figure 13.21 Encoding for Fast Ethernet implementation
13.35
Table 13.2 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations
13.36
13-5 GIGABIT ETHERNET
The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the

design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps).
The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3z.
13.37
Note
In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit

Ethernet, there is no collision;
the maximum length of the cable is
determined by the signal attenuation
in the cable.
13.38
Figure 13.22 Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet
13.39
Figure 13.23 Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.40
Figure 13.24 Encoding in Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.41
Table 13.3 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.42
Table 13.4 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations
13.43

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Chapter 13

Wired LANs: Ethernet

In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a

1- LLC (Logical Link Control) layer

2- MAC sub layer

The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s

We briefly discuss the Standard (or traditional)

The least significant bit of the first byte

The broadcast destination address is a

Define the type of the following destination addresses:

Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on

for each byte

• Changes in the Standards

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through

Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN

IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u.

The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the

In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit

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