4 Gen. Bio

Systematics Based on
Evolutionary Relationships
SYSTEMATICS
Study of biological diversity and the
relationships among organism
TAXONOMY PHYLOGENETICS
The science of The study of
describing,naming evolutionary
and classifying relationship among
species species
Taxonomy (from the ancient Greek
words taxis, which means
“arrangement” and nomia which means
“method” is a science that deals with
the classification of organisms based on
shared characteristics. This field is
sometimes called systematics or
biosystematics
Why do scientist classify living
organisms?
To determine the following:

1. Known and unknown species
2. Defining characteristics of each
species
3. Relationships between these species
ARISTOTLE
-GREEK PHILOSOPHER
-Classified all the animals, Historia
Animalium
-Grouped creatures into hierarchy
Carolus Linnaeus
-Swedish botanist and explorer
-Developed the Linnaean system, a
taxonomic classification system
-Organized organisms from larger to
smaller and more specific categories,
the Hierarchical System
-Created a scientific naming system,
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Sea Urchin
Tagalog: SALUNGO
Waray: TAYOM
Cebuano: TUYOM
Ilocano: Maratangtang
Dog
Filipino : Aso
Japanese : Imu
Korean : Gae
French : Chien
Malaysia: Anjing
Mountain lion
Puma
Panther
Cougar
Scientific Name: Puma concolor
Binomial Nomenclature
-two-part name (genus and specific

epithet
-Genus is a group of closely related
species.
-Specific epithet describes an important
trait or the location where the
organisms live
Rules in Writing
• 1. the names should be in Latin
• 2. the genus of an organism begins with a capital
letter , the species designation begins with a
lowercase letter
• 3. the entire scientific name is italicized when type
written or underlined when hand written
e.g. Felis catus
Homo sapiens
Lolong
Scientific Name: Crocodylus mindorensis
Nomenclature Codes
• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN) – Algae, Fungi and Plants
• International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature (ICZN) – Animals
• International Code of Nomenclature Bacteria
(ICNB) – Bacteria
• International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV) - Viruses
HOW TO CREATE
AN ORGANISM’S
SPECIFIC EPITHET?
1. The specific name may portray the
organism’s major characteristics or its
common local name.
The specific epithet catus means that
the species is a
domesticated cat.
Common Cat
Scientific Name: Felis catus
2. The locality,collector, or eminent
person can be used. Phyllium bonifacioi
bears the name of the Filipino
revolutionary hero Andres Bonifacio.
Leaf insect
Scientific Name: Phyllium bonifacioi
3. The specific epithet may be used to
describe some of the characteristics of
the species. The Latin word albus means
“white”.
Sea slug
Scientific name: Dendronotus albus
4. The specific epithet may also be an
ecological name or the habitat to which
the organism was first observed.
philippinensis indicates that it can be
found in the Philippines.
Santan
Scientific name: Ixora philippinensis
How do scientist classify living organisms?
1. Morphological Traits
2. Developmental Traits
3. Genetic Traits
Similarities of human DNA and protein

sequences to other animals
Linnaeus’s System of
Classification
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Dear
King
Philip
Came
TAXON
Over
From
Great
Spain
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
Eukarya Archaea Bacteria

Animalia Archaea-bacteria
Plantae
Fungi
Protist
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom
Archaea-bacteria
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaea
• Ancient bacteria
• Prokaryotes
HALOBACTERIA
• Unicellular
• Halophiles,methanogens,
thermophiles
• Mostly extremophiles METHANOPYRUS KANDLERI
• Some are autotrophs,

some are heterotrophs
THERMOPLASMA ACIDOPHILUM
Kingdom Eubacteria
• True bacteria and blue-green
algae (Cyanobacteria)
• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular(some from
colonies and filaments
• Cell wall have peptidoglycan
• Some are autotrophs, some COCCI, BACILLI, SPIRILLA
are
heterotrophs ,chemoautotrop
hs
Kingdom Eubacteria
Staphylococcus
aureus is the most
pathogenic; it
typically causes
skin infections and
sometimes
pneumonia,
endocarditis, and
osteomyelitis.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Yakult's exclusive
Probiotic strain is known
as LcS (Lactobacillus
casei strain Shirota) LcS
is a unique probiotic
bacteria that has been
scientifically proven to
reach the intestine live
to help build immunity
and help improve
digestion.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Leptospirosis is a
bacterial disease of
humans and animals.
It is caused
by Leptospira bacteria
that are excreted in
urine from infected
animals including
mice, rats, cattle, pigs
and dogs.
Kingdom Protista
• Plant-like, animal-like and
fungus-like organisms
• Eukaryotes
• Mostly unicellular,few are
colonial and multicellular
• Mostly aquatic
• Some are
autotrophs/heterotrophs
Kingdom Protista
• Euglena is a genus of
unicellular, freshwater
organisms that are very
common in ponds and
small bodies of water,
especially if they are rich
in nutrients and
consequently high in
algae
Kingdom Protista
• Amoeba is a unicellular
organism that has the ability
to change its shape. They are
usually found in water bodies
such as ponds, lakes and slow-
moving rivers. Sometimes,
these unicellular organisms
can also make their way inside
the human body and cause
various illnesses.
Kingdom Protista
• Paramecium feed on microorganisms like bacteria,
algae, and yeasts. To gather food, the Paramecium
makes movements with cilia to sweep prey organisms
• Paramecia have potential to spread harmful diseases
in the human body by imbalance, but they can also
serve a benefit to humans by destroying Cryptococcus
neoformans, a type of disease caused by special fungi
Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryotes
• Most multicellular;few unicellular
• All are heterotrophs
• Form spores for reproduction
• Cell wall contains chitin
• Breaks down organic materials
• Provides drugs and aids in food production
• “model organism”in genetics and molecular bio
• Causes animal and plant diseases
Penicillium fungi are the
source of penicillin, which
people can take orally or via
injection. People across the
globe now widely use
penicillins to treat infections
and diseases.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of

yeast. The species has been instrumental
in winemaking, baking, and brewing
since ancient times. It is believed to have
been originally isolated from the skin of
grapes.
Kingdom Fungi
Rhizopus Neurospora
Agaricus Fusarium
Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs
• Has chlorophyll
• Two major groups
-Bryophytes
-Tracheophytes
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• Consumer
• Two major groups
-vertebrates
-invertebrates
Kingdom Animalia
Reflect Upon
If you are given a chance to come up with

a scientific name of an organism based on
your name, what organism would it be?
Why did you choose that organism? What
are the characteristics of that organism?
*Do it in your notebook.

Activity
Explore your community. Choose one

plant and one animal and take photos of
them. Create a flowchart showing their
taxonomic classification.
*Do it in your notebook.

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Systematics Based on

To determine the following:

-two-part name (genus and specific

Similarities of human DNA and protein

Eukarya Archaea Bacteria

• Some are autotrophs,

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of

If you are given a chance to come up with

*Do it in your notebook.

Explore your community. Choose one

*Do it in your notebook.

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