PPT

ANALYSIS OF PULSE WIDTH IN OPTICALFIBER IN THE PRESENCE OF POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION & POLARIZATION- DEPENDENT LOSS
BY:
SIVA T ME(APPLIED ELECTRONICS) REG NO(31707401012)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

8/4/2011
DR.A.SIVASUBRAMANIAN HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT (ECE)
Abstract
A combined effect of polarization-mode

dispersion (PMD) and polarizationdependent losses (PDL) may lead to anomalous pulse narrowing in single mode optical fiber despite the existence of finite group delay during the pulse propagation in single-mode fiber (SMF).
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Cont..
Such occurrences of pulse narrowing in SMF has different dimensions and conditions with various input signals like 1) Gaussian and 2) chirped Gaussian at different parametric conditions are studied. Hence, a careful investigation on pulse transmission in the presence of PMD and PDL is necessary.
8/4/2011
Dispersion on SMF
For high speed long haul transmission systems: SMF is preferred Chromatic Dispersion :
Material Dispersion
Refractive index of silica changes with [
Waveguide Dispersion
Related to fiber parameter such as core radius, index difference
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) -Due to birefringence

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Birefringence
An ideal SMF with a perfect cylindrical core supports 2 orthogonally polarized HE11 modes traveling at the same speed But in real fiber: Non-perfect circular core Asymmetric internal stresses
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Birefringence..
Polarisation state changes due to birefringence along the fiber

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Limitation on high bit-rate system
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Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL)

PDL is the differential loss between two polarization modes PDL is affected by Couplers, switches, isolators. Differential loss (E) between the two polarization modes is
2E
I m ax ! I m in
Imax = Intensity of PM with lowest loss Imin = Intensity of PM with highest loss
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PMD causes random pulse distortion and pulse broadening PDL induces random fluctuations of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) in the system. These effects lead to significant performance degradation in long-haul light wave transmission systems.
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SYSTEM MODEL
Three optical elements are concatenated such that a PDL element is sandwiched between two PMD elements
PMD of first PMD element is parallel to the fixed reference direction.

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Methods Of Analysis
A Gaussian input pulse launched into the input fiber is analyzed using

Jones matrix analysis
Neural network algorithm Multivariable optimization

8/4/2011
To achieve maximum pulse narrowing

11
ANALYSING OUTPUT PULSE WHEN INPUT SIGNAL IS GAUSSIAN PULSE
8/4/2011
12
Pulsewidth Analysis
Electric field of the Gaussian pulse form
E in (t) ! A e 14 (2T) X
t2 i[0 t 2 4X
X
[0
- Gaussian pulsewidth - input angular frequency
A - normalization constant
Its Fourier transform is

in
([) !
2X (2 ) e
14
X2 (c[[0 )2
2
13
8/4/2011
The input power is also in Gaussian form

2 t2
Pin (t) !
in (t) !
2TX
e 2X
Using the transfer matrix, the output electric field

cos Uin E out ([) ! T([)E in ([) sin Uin
Uin characterizes the input linear polarization

direction
The output power is defined as

out
! E out (t)
Eout(t) - inverse fourier transform of out ([)

8/4/2011 14
A proper measure of the pulsewidth is the root mean square of the time averaged with power P(t)
2 g 2 g t (t)dt t (t)dt W ! gg g g (t)dt (t)dt g g 12
To compare the output pulsewidth and the input pulsewidth, the effective squared pulsewidth difference is defined as
2 W 2 ! W out W 2 in
eff
Positive value of W 2 indicates pulse broadening and negative value indicates pulse narrowing.
eff
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15
Linear Polarization
The transfer matrix is given by

1
T([) ! e
E 2
E2
cos U1 sin U1
sin U1 cos U1
8/4/2011
eE 2 0
0 cos(U DL U1 ) e sin(U DL U1 )
sin(U DL U1 ) ei[X cos(U DL U1 ) 0
0 ei[X
1
cos U2 sin U2
sin U2 ei[X cos U2 0
0 ei[X
2
cos(U2 U DL ) 2 sin U2
sin(U2 U DL ) cos(U2 U DL )
16
Assuming the modal bire ringence o elements one and three are equal, i.e. X1 ! X2 ! F and MD direction o irst element is in parallel with ixed re erence direction i.e. U1 ! 0 .
(EiF[) 2 cos U2 E 2 e T([) ! e (EiF[) 2 sin U e 2
F[ i2 e sin U2 e cos U DL (EiF[) iF[ e 2 cos U3 e 2 sin U DL (EiF[) 2
e sin U DL iF[ 2 e cos U DL
iF[ 2
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17
Considering PDL direction and PMD direction of third element are in parallel and are in 3T 8 radians with fixed reference direction, (i.e. U ! U2 ! T ) ,
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
( Ei [) 2
e e
T([) ! e E
( EiF[) 2
The output is given by

e
E 2
out
([) !
2X (2T)1 4 2 2
( 2 1)e E 2 e i F[ ( 2 1)e E 2 cos U (e E 2 e E 2 ei F[ )sin U e X in in E 2 iF[ E 2 (e e e ) cos Uin ( 2 1)e E 2 ( 2 1)eE 2 eiF[ ) sin Uin e X
8/4/2011
( Ei [) e 2 2 ( EiF[) e 2
F[ 2 1 i2 2 1 e 2 2 2 2 iF[ 2 1 2 1 e 2 2 2 2 2
iF[ 2
i F[ 2
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
(10)
( [ [0 )
( [ [0
(11) )
18
The inverse Fourier transform of the Equation

E out (t) ! e
E 2 E
(11)
A(2 T) 3 4 2 2 X
2
2 0 2 0
t F t i[ ( t F ) t i[ 2X 4X ( 2 1)e E e ( 2 1)e cos Uin t F t i[ ( t F ) t i[ 2X e E e 4X sin U in e t E i[ ( t F ) t2F t i[ X cos Uin e 4X e e t F t i[ ( t F ) t 2X E ( 2 1)e ( 2 1)e e 4 X
2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
i [0
sin Uin
(12)
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19
T In order to obtain the output power equation, Pout for a condition of Uin ! 4 value of Uin is substituted in Equation (12)
E out (t) ! e
E 2 E 2
A(2T)3 4
2 2
2 2 X
0 2 0 2 0 0
t F t F t t i[ ( t F ) i[ ( t F ) t i[ t i[ 2X 2X 4X ( 2 1)e E e e E e 4 X ( 2 1)e e t F t F t t i[ ( t F ) t i[ t i[ E i[ ( t F ) 2 X 2X E 4X e e e ( 2 1)e ( 2 1)e e 4 X

2 2 0 2 0 0 2
(13)
t
E E
e i
t
t i e
t2
2
(2T) 3 2 4 2X
2

8/4/2011
P t !
(t) !
2 1 e 2X
2 1 e
t2
(t F ) 2
t2
2X
2 c ([0F)e 4X e
2
t F 2X
E E
(2T) 3 2 4 2X
2
2 1 e
2X
2 1 e
(t F )2
t2
2X
2 c ([0F)e 4 X e
t F 2X
(14)
20
ANALYSING OUTPUT PULSE WHEN INPUT SIGNAL IS CHIRPED GAUSSIAN PULSE

8/4/2011 21
8/4/2011
Pout(t)= (Ao2 2exp[-| |+ ]/82) {(2+1) exp(t2/2 2)+ (2-1) exp(- (t+ )2/2 2) +2exp(-(t+ )2/4 2) exp(-t2/4 2) cos{ k 2/4 2+ (kt/2 2 + wo)}} + (Ao2 2exp[-| |- ]/82) {(2+1) exp(t2/2 2) + (2-1) exp(- (t- )2/2 2)- 2 exp(-(t)2/4 2) exp(-t2/4 2) cos{ k 2/4 2(kt/2 2 + wo)}}
22
SIMULATION RESULTS
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23
2 Weff versus E
for linear polarization with = 400 rad/ps and in = - /4
= 1,20 and 30 ps,
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24
ADV & DISADV:

Advantages of pulse narrowing:
1. 2. Can increase bit rate. Bandwidth increases.
Disadvantage of pulse broadening:

1. 2.
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Increase in intersymbol interference Increase in pulse width, reduction in amplitude.

25
CONCLUSION
Thus it is found that due to the combined effect of PDL and PMD, the effective pulse width gets narrowed, this increases bit rate and bandwidth of transmission signal.
8/4/2011
26
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
This results can be extend to SuperGaussian pulses and for various pulse spectrum.
8/4/2011
27
REFERENCES
Optical Communication System by AGARAWAL. Anomalous pulse spreading in birefringent optical fibers with polarization dependent losses by Huttner and Gisin. Basic Mat labs. Automated measurement of polarization mode dispersion using Jones matrix and Eigen analysis. by Heffner. Polarization mode dispersion of short and long singlemode fibers by N.Gisin, J.P.vod-der.Weid, Pellaux. Principal state of polarization for an optical pulse by Shieh.
8/4/2011
28
THANK YOU
8/4/2011
29

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ANALYSIS OF PULSE WIDTH IN OPTICALFIBER IN THE PRESENCE OF POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION & POLARIZATION- DEPENDENT LOSS

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

DR.A.SIVASUBRAMANIAN HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT (ECE)

A combined effect of polarization-mode

 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) -Due to birefringence

Polarisation state changes due to birefringence along the fiber

Limitation on high bit-rate system

Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL)

PMD of first PMD element is parallel to the fixed reference direction.

Jones matrix analysis

Neural network algorithm Multivariable optimization

To achieve maximum pulse narrowing

ANALYSING OUTPUT PULSE WHEN INPUT SIGNAL IS GAUSSIAN PULSE

- Gaussian pulsewidth - input angular frequency

Its Fourier transform is

 The input power is also in Gaussian form

 Using the transfer matrix, the output electric field

Uin characterizes the input linear polarization

 The output power is defined as

Eout(t) - inverse fourier transform of out ([)

sin(U DL  U1 ) ei[X cos(U DL  U1 ) 0

 sin U2 ei[X cos U2 0

e sin U DL iF[ 2 e cos U DL

The output is given by

The inverse Fourier transform of the Equation

t F t F t t  i[ ( t F )   i[ ( t F )   t  i[  t  i[ 2X 2X 4X ( 2  1)e E e e E e 4 X  ( 2  1)e  e t F t F t t  i[ ( t F )  t  i[ t  i[ E  i[ ( t F )  2 X 2X E 4X e e e  ( 2  1)e  ( 2  1)e e 4 X

ANALYSING OUTPUT PULSE WHEN INPUT SIGNAL IS CHIRPED GAUSSIAN PULSE

for linear polarization with = 400 rad/ps and in = - /4

= 1,20 and 30 ps,

ADV & DISADV:

 Disadvantage of pulse broadening:

Increase in intersymbol interference Increase in pulse width, reduction in amplitude.

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A combined effect of polarization-mode

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) -Due to birefringence

Neural network algorithm Multivariable optimization

The input power is also in Gaussian form

Using the transfer matrix, the output electric field

The output power is defined as

sin(U DL U1 ) ei[X cos(U DL U1 ) 0

sin U2 ei[X cos U2 0

t F t F t t i[ ( t F ) i[ ( t F ) t i[ t i[ 2X 2X 4X ( 2 1)e E e e E e 4 X ( 2 1)e e t F t F t t i[ ( t F ) t i[ t i[ E i[ ( t F ) 2 X 2X E 4X e e e ( 2 1)e ( 2 1)e e 4 X

Disadvantage of pulse broadening: