SH 5107

Industrial Ventilation

Tan Kia Tang

Veronica Chow
Veronica Ong
 Hoods

Tan Kia Tang

 Exhaust Hood : Scope

1. Types of hood
2. Design principles
3. Capture velocity (Vc)
4. Air flow rate (Q) - theoretical vs empirical
5. Hood static pressure (SPh)
 hood entry loss (he)
 entry loss factor (f)
 coefficient of entry loss (Ce)
Functions of Hood
Suction (Exhausting) vs Blowing
 Functions of Hood
Capture, receive or contain the airborne
substances/contaminants and channel these into the
duct.
Types & Classification of Hoods
 Types of Hood

 Plain opening
 Tapered hood
 Slot hood
 Flanged hood
 Booth
 Canopy
 Grille
 Others
 Classification of Hoods
- based on principles of hood function

1 Contains the
Enclosure emission

2 Receives the
Receiving contaminants
hood

3 Captures the
Exterior contaminates
hood
Exterior Hoods : Applications
 Exterior Hood -
Plain Opening vs Tapered Hood

Plain Opening Tapered Round or Rectangular Hood

 Exterior Hood -
Tapered Rectangular Hood
Aspect ratio

W
--- > 0.2
L

W e.g. for soldering

or welding
L
 Exterior Hood - Slot Hood

Aspect ratio
W
--- < 0.2
L
W
L
For degreasing tanks, process tables, welding
bench where any point may be used for the
work / process
Slot Hood for Open Surface Tanks

Small tanks need a single slot

Large tanks require multiple slots
Slot Hood for Open Surface Tank : Advantages
Slot Hood for Welding
 Airflow Distribution in Slot

Aspect ratio Aspect ratio

W W
--- > 0.2 --- < 0.2
L L

Uneven flow
 Exterior Hood - Flanged Hood

Flanged Plain
Opening

Flanged Tapered Hood

Flanged Slot Hood

 Exterior Hood - Flanged Hood

flange

hood opening
Effects of Flange
 Flange Dimension
hood opening
Contaminant w D
w=√A released here
= √ (π r2) A
= 1.7 x r X
≈D side view

flange
For big hoods
w = 6” (15 cm)

front view
Flange Dimension
OSHA Technical Manual

w=X–½D
≈ 1.5 D – 0.5 D
=D
 Exterior Hood - Grille

For hand grinding, sanding, chipping & deburring

Small particles will be sucked away

Large or heavy particles will settle
Receiving Hoods : Applications
Receiving Hood – Grinding Hood

Front view Side view

Receiving Hoods : Canopy Hoods (for Hot Process)

Exterior hood Receiving hood

Cold process – process at room temperature

Hot process - high temperature process e.g. molten metal at
hundreds or thousand over degree C
Enclosed Hoods : Applications
 Enclosure - Booth

Examples:

Fume cupboard
Spray painting
Crushing
Blasting
Screening or
Sieving
Conveying
Enclosure for Degreasing
Hood Design Principles
 Terminology

1. Face velocity – the velocity of air at the opening (face) of a booth

2. Slot velocity - the velocity of air through a slot; usually 10 m/s or 2,000 fpm

3. Plenum velocity – the velocity of air in the plenum; usually half the slot
velocity or 5 m/s (1,000 fpm)

4. Capture velocity - the air velocity at any point external to the hood
necessary to overcome opposing air currents and capture the contaminants
generated or emitted at that point by causing it to flow into the hood.
 Hood Design Principles
1. Enclose the operation as much as possible
2. Locate the hood as close to the emission source as possible
3. Locate the hood to receive the contaminant
4. Remove the contaminant away from the breathing zone
5. Capture the contaminant with sufficient velocity & airflow
6. Ensure even air flow into the hoods

7. Provide flanges or baffles wherever possible to eliminate airflow from contaminant-free zones
8. Protect hoods from cross-draft
1. Enclose the operation as much as possible

Good Bad
2. Locate the hood as close to the source as possible

V V

Dalla Velle Equation: for a tapered hood Q = V (10 X2 + A )

Q ∞ X2
New hood - If X is reduced by ½,, Q required will be reduced by 4
times.
V ∞ 1 / X2
Existing hood – If X is reduced by 1/2, V will be increased by 4 times
 Blowing vs Suction

 Local exhaust hoods use suction

 Dilution ventilation use blowing

30 D
FAN Blowing
D
At 30 D: air velocity = 10% Vf

D For a tapered hood

Q = V (10 X2 + A )
Suction V ∞ 1 / X2

At 1D: velocity = 10% Vf capture

3. Position & shape hood to receive contaminants
Position & shape hood to receive the contaminant

Example: receiving hoods for grinding, sanding and buffing

4. Remove the contaminant away from the breathing zone

Slot Hood Canopy Hood

Good Bad
Remove the contaminant away from the breathing zone

Good Bad
Slot Hood for Open Surface Tank

Slot velocity
10 m/s or 2,000 fpm
 Slot Hoods for Open Surface Tanks

L
W
W > 4 ft (1.2 m)

Push-pull LEV system

W < 4 ft (1.2 m)

L
W
 Opening Surface Tanks : Lateral Slot

Acceptable

Slot must be located at the lateral or length side

Unacceptable
5. Capture contaminant with adequate air flow Q & capture
velocity V

75 to
 6. Ensure Even Air Flow into Hood (Booth)

Booth
– hood face velocity not even

Solution - use vanes, slots or baffles

Vanes Slots Baffles

7. Provide flanges or baffles wherever possible to
eliminate airflow from contaminant-free zones

Q = V (10 X2 + A ) un-flanged hood

Q = 0.75 V (10 X2 + A) flanged hood
 8. Protect Hood from Cross-draft

1. Relocate the hood

2. Contain the release

3. Increase capture velocity

Cross-draft
 Effective Capture Zone
Contaminants outside the effective capture zone will not be captured

Increase the capture velocity will increase the effective capture zone
 Critical Streamline

Any contaminants outside

the critical streamline will
escape

Any contaminants given off

in the shaded area will be
exhausted;
 Cross-draft & Flow Pattern
Example:
6” circular flanged hood
Q = 100 cfm
cross-draft 100 fpm

(a) (b)
Fan off Fan on

Cross draft

Hood face velocity= Q / (π r2) = 100 cfm / (3.1416 x {6”/(2 x 12)}2

= 509 fpm
At one diameter away V = 10% x 509 fpm = 50.9 fpm
Capture Velocity
 Throw Velocity, Throw Distance, Null Point
& Capture Velocity

null point
throw velocity
throw distance

Capture velocity is the air velocity at any point external to the hood
necessary to overcome opposing air currents & capture the contaminants
generated or emitted at that point by causing it to flow into the hood.
 Capture Velocity
– Factors to be Considered

1. Velocity & direction of release

2. Quantity of contaminant released
3. Secondary air current (cross draft)
4. Toxicity of the contaminant
5. Size of the exhaust hood that can be used
6. Potential points of contaminant escape
 Recommended Capture Velocity

Dispersion condition Example fpm m/s

Practically no Evaporation, degreasing 75 - 100 0.38 - 0.5
velocity
Low velocity release Welding, spraying, 100- 200 0.5 - 1.0
conveying, plating
Active release Crushing, loading, 200 - 500 1.0 - 2.5
transferring, filling
High velocity release Grinding, blasting, 500 - 2000 2.5 - 10
tumbling

The choice of the range of capture velocity depends on:

Lower end range Upper end range
1. Room air currents minimal 1. Disturbing room air currents
2. Contaminants of low toxicity or are 2. Contaminants of high toxicity
nuisance 3. High production – heavy use
3. Intermittent, low production 4. Small hood – local control only
4. Large hood or large air mass in
motion
 Low Velocity Release vs Active Release

Slot hood with certain Low Velocity Release Active Release

capture velocity – capture is complete - capture is incomplete
 Splash Escape & Control

Q Q

Null point
Null point
Hood Design
 Hood Design – 2 Parameters

1 Volumetric Air Flow Rate - Q Q

Q must be high enough to capture the
contaminants with sufficient velocity V
SPh
2 Hood Static Pressure - SPh
SPh is necessary to attain the desired
air flow i.e. accelerate the air from 0
velocity to certain velocity pressure
VP, & to overcome the resistance (he) SPh = VP + he
at the hood
Air Flow Rate Q
Volumetric Air Flow Rate Q : Two Methods

1 Area method
theoretical approach
Q=VxA

2 Empirical method
experimentally-determined approach
 Area Method : Hood Flowrate Q
- Point suction

Surface area of sphere

= 4 π R2
Q = (4  R2 ) V Side view
V
Example:
duct
Q = 300 cfm
V= 300 / (4  R2)
Q sphere
R
R (ft) V (fpm)
0.083’ 3,448
0.25’ 382
0.5’ 96
1.0’ 24
2.0’ 6
4.0’ 1.5
 Area Method : Hood Airflow Rate, Q
- Plain Duct

D
V
Q
X

A = 4  X2 -  D2 /4
Q = (4  X2 -  D2 /4) V
Area Method : Hood Air Flowrate, Q
- Flanged Duct

V
Q X

A = 4  X2 /2 = 2  X2 (surface area of a
half sphere)
Q = (2  X2) V
Area Method : Hood Air Flowrate, Q
- 5-sided Hood (Booth)

V
W

A=LxW (plane)

Q = (L x W) V
Slot Hood for Open Surface Tank Q : Area Method

Q (cms) = V m3/s/m2 x (W x L) m2
Q (cfm) = V ft3/min/ft2 x (W x L) ft2

Capture velocity V depends: Evolution rate and Hazard potential

Area Method : Hood Air Flowrate Q
- Slot with Side Shields

Q
A = 1/4 cylinder’s surface area
= (2X L) / 4
= X L / 2
V
Q=AxV
L = (XL / 2) V
X
Example:
X = 1.5’, L = 6’, V = 75 fpm
Q = ( x 1.5 x 6/2) x 75
= 1,060 scfm
 Q

V X
 Q

V X
Theoretical (Area Method) vs
Empirical Method
Theoretical vs Empirical Airflow Rate, Q
- Plain Entry, Free Hanging

V
Q vd

X
Theoretical vs Empirical Airflow Rate
- Plain Entry, on Bench
Theoretical vs Empirical Airflow Rate, Q
- Flanged Entry, Free Hanging

Q vd

X
 Empirical Method
for Air Flow Rate Q
 Flowrate Q : Empirical Formula
- plain duct, circular or rectangular tapered hood, bell hood,
multiple slot hood

Dalla Valle Equation

 Flow Rate Q : Empirical Formula
- flanged plain duct, circular or rectangular tapered hood,
multiple slot hood

Dalla Valle Equation

Flow Rate Q : Empirical formula
- hood resting on workbench
Flow Rate Q : Empirical Formula
- flanged hood resting on workbench
Flow Rate Q : Empirical Formula
- free hanging slot hood

Q is proportional to X, not X2
Q depends on L and is independent of w
Narrowing the slot width will not increase the capture velocity
Airflow Rate Q : Syummary
Airflow Rate Q : Summary
Airflow Rate Q : Summary

(Area method)
Hood Static Pressure
 Hood Static Pressure, SPh

The amount of hood vacuum required to induced the airflow

into a hood
The energy required to accelerate the air from zero velocity
to the duct velocity (VPd) and to overcome the hood entry
loss or transition loss (he)
ISPhI = VPd + he
 Hood Static Pressure : Simple Hood

Conservation of Energy:
TP at location 1 = TP at location 2 + hood loss (he)
SP1 + VP1 = SP2 + VP2 + he
0 + 0 = SPh + VPd + he
SPh = - (VPd + he)
ISPhI = VPd + he
SP2
VP2
SP1
VP1
Vena Contracta : Plain Opening
Air stream Ø = 88% duct Ø

Deceleration with
Acceleration of air turbulence resulting
in energy loss
Airflow at Vena Contracta : VP & SP

VP, SP and TP
 Hood Entry Loss : he
The pressure drop occurs as air enters a hood due to
turbulence or vena contracta.

It can be expressed as a fraction of VP

he = f x VP x d

where f is the entry loss factor for the particular hood

he = f x VP at STP (d = 1)
Entry Loss Factor (f) of Different Hoods

f = 0.93

f = 0.49

f = 0.06 for round hood; θ = 45°

f = 0.15 for rectangular hood; θ = 45°

f = 0.04
Entry Loss Factor (f) for Tapered Hoods

Included angle Round hood Rectangular hood

15 0.15 VP 0.25 VP
30 0.08 VP 0.16 VP
45 0.06 VP 0.15 VP
60 0.08 VP 0.17 VP
90 0.15 VP 0.25 VP
120 0.26 VP 0.35 VP
150 0.40 VP 0.48 VP 
180 0.50 VP 0.50 VP
Entry Loss Factor (f) for Tapered Hoods


 SPh and VP

ISPhI = VP + he
he = f x VP

ISPhI = VP + f x VP
= VP (1 + f)

Since f is a constant for a particular hood, hood

static pressure is therefore a measure of VP or
velocity.
 Hood Static Pressure –
a measure of V, VP and Q

ISPhI = VP x (1 + f)
V = 4.043 √ VP mm w.g. at STP
Q=VxA

SPh ∞ VP
SPh ∞ V2 since VP ∞ V2
SPh ∞ Q2 since V ∞ Q
Coefficient of Entry (Ce)
 Coefficient of Entry
The ratio of the actual hood flow to the theoretical possible
flow that would result if the hood static pressure was
converted completely to the velocity pressure with no entry
losses (i.e. he= 0).
ISPhI= VP + he
If he = 0, ISPh I = VP

Q actual 4005 A  VP  VP
Ce = ------------ = ------------------- = ----------
Q theoretical 4005 A  SPh  SPh

=  {VP / (VP + he)}

=  {VP / (VP + f x VP)}
=  { 1 / (1 + f)}
Entry Loss, Coefficient of Entry, Flow Rate
Simple Hood vs Compound Hood
Simple Hood Compound Hood

Compound hood
Simple hood
e.g. booth with slots
e.g. booth
SPh = he + VP)
 Compound Hood - Indirect Take-off

Exhaust take-off is not directly

behind the slot
90 degree change in air direction:
VPs acceleration is not regained

SPh = (hes + VPs) + (hed + VPd)e

hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd
 Compound Hood – Direct Take-off
Exhaust take-off is directly
behind the slot
No change in air direction
VPs acceleration is regained

SPh = hes + (hed + VPd*)

hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd

*Use VPd or VPs whichever is larger

VPd is usually > VPs
 Compound Hood - Summary
Indirect Take-off
SPh = (hes + VPs) + (hed + VPd)
hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd

Direct Take-off
SPh = hes + (hed + VPd*)
hes = fs x VPs
hed = fd x VPd

*use VPd or VPs whichever is larger

Hood Construction Materials
 Hood / Duct - Construction Materials
Material Condition
Galvanized sheet For low temperature & non-
metal corrosive contaminants
< 200°C
Black iron < 480°C
Stainless steel > 480°C
Aluminum < 400° C
PVC or other plastics For corrosive contaminants

Galvanized sheet metal is not recommended for

temperature > 200°C
Galvanised Sheet Metal, Stainless Steel, Aluminum,
Black Iron & PVC Ducts
Material Cost
Galvanized Coated with a thin layer of zinc. The zinc coating protects
sheet metal the steel beneath it from rust and corrosion.

Black iron Covered in iron oxide (rust) during the manufacturing

process. Less expensive than galvanised steel.
Stainless Made by adding chromium to molten steel.
steel It is unusually strong and resistant to rusting.
4 to 5x more expensive than galvanised steel.
Aluminum Cheaper & lighter than stainless steel.
Challenge to fabricate & install as ductwork and require
special welding techniques.
PVC Corrosion resistant but flammable
Eco-unfriendliness; Less expensive than steel
 Hood Construction - Thickness

1. Thickness at least 2 gauges heavier than the

connecting duct
2. Provide a tapered transition piece between
the hood & exhaust duct
The End