SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

ACCESS CAMPUS, EJC MONTILLA

TACURONG CITY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
 MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

• OVERVIEW
• This course will introduce you to the contemporary
world by examining the multifaced phenomenon of
globalization. Using the various disciplines of the
social sciences, social, political, technological, and
other transformation that have created an increasing
awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and
places around the globe. To this end, the course will
also provide you an overview of the various debates
in global governance, development, and
sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the
world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a
sense of global citizenship and global ethical
LEARNING OUTCOMES

• 1. share a personal definition of globalization

• 2. describe the nature of globalization
• 3. differentiate competing conception of
globalizations; and
• 4. synthesize and agree on a working definition of
globalization for the course
• Keywords: Globalization, economic activity, trade,
cultural exchange
• In this lesson, you will be exposed to the concept of
globalization and how it affects the economic status
of a particular nation or state. You are going to critic
news reports discussing about the emergence and role
of globalization in the process of global development.
Look for an updated news reports or article as your
sample. Hence, you will be aware of the recent
changes of the world. The textbooks that you have
received will be helpful to you during our online
interaction and when you answer the tasks in the
module.
DISCUSSION
• The first concept that you are going
to encounter is the definition of the
word Globalization. But how do you
understand the word itself. Try the
activity below using your own
interpretation of the word at the
center.
NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION
• 1. Liberalization. It stands for freedom
of the entrepreneurs to establish any
industry or trade or business venture,
within their own countries or abroad.
• 2. Free trade. It stands for free flow of
trade relations among all the nations.
Each state grants (most favored nations)
status to other states and keeps its
business and trade away from excessive
and hard regularly and protective regimes
 NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION
(cont.)
3. Globalization of Economic Activity.
Economic activities are to be governed
both by the domestic market and also the
world market. It stands for the process of
integrating the domestic economy with
world economies.
4. Liberalization of Import-Export System. It
stands for liberating the import-export
activity and securing a free flow of goods
and services across borders.
 NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION
(cont.)
• 5. Privatization. Keeping the state away
from ownership of means of reproduction
and distribution and letting the free flow
of industrial, trade and economic activity
across borders.
• 6. Increased Collaborations. Encouraging
the process of collaborations among the
entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid
modernization, development and
technological advancement.
 NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION (cont.
7. Economic Reforms. Encouraging fiscal

and financial reforms with a view to give

strength to free world trade, free
enterprise, and market forces.
 Anti-Globalization
• Many anti globalism activists see
globalization as the promotion of a
Corporatist agenda, which is intent om
constructing the freedoms of individuals in
the name or profit. They also claim that
increasing autonomy and strength of
corporate entities increasingly shape the
political policy of nation-states.
Globalization imposes credit-based
economics, resulting in unsuitable growth
of debt and debt crises.
 Pro-Globalization
• Supporters of free trade point out that
economic theories such as comparative
advantage suggests that free trade leads to
a more efficient allocation of resources,
with all those involved in the trade
benefiting. In general, they claim that this
leads to lower prices, more employment
and better allocation of resources.
The Philippines itself is part of globalization
so with any countries around the world.
Though we are just a small nation we take
all the challenges and contribute to global
progress. If you are listening or reading
news reports, the gradual progress of our
country now could be categorized as part of
globalization.
Examples of Globalization

1. Cultural globalization- refers to the

interpretation of cultures which, as a
consequence, means nations adopt principles,
beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing
their unique culture to a unique, globalized
supra-culture.

2.Economic globalization- is the

development of trade systems within
transnational actors such as corporations or
NGO’s
 Examples of Globalization (cont.)
3. Industrial Globalization- Every country in the world is
moving towards specialization may be referred to as the
phenomenon of producing only that product in which the
country has competitive advantage in terms of cost. For
example, Singapore specializes in pharmaceutical while the US
specializes in military equipment.
Therefore, the counties exchange their industrial products,
which is known as trade, and fulfill the requirements of their
people. Every country of the world today is involved in trade
and is depended on some other country one way or the other.
The US is the biggest economy in the world and even that is
depended on other countries for many of its needs. Hence the
industries of the whole world today are considered to be
working not for their native countries but for the world as a
 Examples of Globalization (cont.)
4. Financial Globalization- can be linked with the rise
of a global financial system with international financial
exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock markets,
for instance, are a great example of the financially
connected global world since when one stock market
has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as a
whole.

5. Political Globalization- the development and

growing influence of international organizations such as
the UN or WHO means governmental action takes
place at an international level
 Examples of Globalization (cont.)
6. Social Globalization- Refers to the sharing of
ideas and information between and through different
countries. In today’s world, the internet and social
media is at the heart of this. Good examples of social
globalization could have included internationally
popular films, books, and TV series. The Harry Potter/
Twilight films and books have been successful all over
the world, making the characters featured globally
recognizable. However, this cultural flow tends to flow
from the center (i.e. from developed countries such as
the USA to less developed countries). Social
globalization is often criticized for eroding cultural
differences.
 Examples of Globalization (cont.)
7. Ecological Globalization- accounts for the idea of
considering planet Earth as a single global entity – a
common good all societies should protect since the
weather affects everyone and we are all protected by
the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that
the poorest countries who have been polluting the least
will suffer the most from climate change.
 Examples of Globalization (cont.)

8.Technological Globalization- the phenomenon by

which millions of people are interconnected thanks to
the power of the digital world via flatforms such as
facebook, Instagram, skype or Youtube

9.Geographic Globalization – is the new

organization and hierarchy of different regions of the
world that s constantly changing. Moreover, with
transportation and flying made so easy and
affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding
visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely
any restrictions
 MODULE 2
MARKET INTEGRATION
• LEARNING • EXPECTATIONS
OUTCOMES
• 1.explain the • As you go through with
role of
international financial your readings, it is
institutions in the creation important for you to
of a global economy understand the concepts
of this module. Learning
• 2. narrate a short history
those ideas will improve
of global market
your views on the many
integration in the 20th
factors the current world
century; and
market is evolving from
• 3.infer the attributes of past to current economic
global corporations developments.
 DISCUSSION
• According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary,
market integration is a situation in which separate
markets for the same product become one single market.
For example, when an import tax in one of the markets is
removed.
• Integration is taken to denote a state of affairs or a
process involving attempts to combine separate national
economies into larger economic regions (Robson, 1998,
p.1) Just like all other things, everything starts from a
gradual development before it became popular. The birth
of market integration has played a vital role in various
economies.
Make a short narration on global market history. In your own definition,
what is market integration?
 THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE CREATION OF GLOBAL
ECONOMY

International Financial Institutions

• - International non-profit agencies are

one of the major sources of financing like
regional development banks or banks
globally.
• - To finance productive development
projects or to promote economic
development
 THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE CREATION OF GLOBAL
ECONOMY (cont.)
World Bank-
• multinational financial institution
established at the end of world war II
(1944) to help provide long-term capital
for the reconstruction and development of
member countries.
• - it provides much of the planning and
financing for economic development
projects involving billions of dollarsk
 THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE CREATION OF GLOBAL
ECONOMY (cont.)
• International Monetary Fund
-IMF is a cooperative institution that 182 countries have voluntarily joined
because they see the advantage of consulting with one another on this
forum to maintain a stable system of buying and selling their currencies

-Its policies and activities are guided by its Charter known as the Articles
of Agreement.

-IMF lends money to members having trouble meeting financial

obligations to other members, but only on the condition that they
undertake economic reforms to eliminate these difficulties for their own
good and that of the entire membership.

Contrary to widespread perception, the IMF has no effective authority

over the domestic economic policies of its members
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),

signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal
agreement minimizing barriers to international trade
by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and
subsidies while preserving significant regulations.
The GATT was intended to boost economic recovery
after World War II through reconstructing and
liberalizing global trade.
GATT (cont.)
• The GATT went into effect on Jan. 1, 1948. Since that
beginning it has been refined, eventually leading to the
creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on
January 1, 1995, which absorbed and extended it. By
this time 125 nations were signatories to its agreements,
which covered about 90% of global trade.

• The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) is

responsible for the GATT and consists of representatives
from all WTO member countries. As of September 2019,
the council chair is Uruguayan Ambassador José Luís
Cancela Gómez. The council has 10 committees that
address subjects including market access, agriculture,
subsidies, and anti-dumping measures.
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
• The World Trade Organization is a global
membership group that promotes and manages
free trade. It does this in three (3)ways.

• First, it administers existing multilateral trade

agreements. Every member receives Most
Favored Nation Trading Status. That means
they automatically receive lowered tariffs for
their exports.
 WTO *(continuation)
• Second, it settles trade disputes. Most conflicts
occur when one member accuses another of
dumping. That's when it exports goods at a lower
price than it costs to produce it. The WTO staff
investigates, and if a violation has occurred, the
WTO will levy sanctions.

• Third, it manages ongoing negotiations for new

trade agreements. The biggest would have been
the Doha round in 2006. That would have eased
trade among all members. It emphasized
expanding growth for developing countries.
 Global Corporation
• A corporation is an artificial being created by operation
of law, having the right of succession and the powers,
attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or
incident to its existence (Batas Pambansa Blg. 68 The
Corporation Code of The Philippines, Section 2 –
Corporation defined).
• A global corporation is generally referred to as a
multinational corporation (MNC), transnational
corporation (TNC), international company. An
enterprise that engages in activities which add value
(manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc) in
more than one country (United Nations Centre On
Transnational Corporations, 1991)
 MODULE 3
A WORLD OF REGION
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• 1. define the term “Global South”
• 2. differentiate the Global South from the Third
World
• 3. analyze how new conception of global relations
emerged from Latin American countries
• 4 differentiate between regionalization and
globalization
• 5. identify the factors leading to a greater integration
of the Asian region Keywords: global north, global
south, regionalization, dependency theory
EXPECTATIONS:
This lesson will broaden your insights about the relationships
of various nations showing economic progress over time. The
survival of some nations towards their current status in the
world of global competitions are also highlighted. Today, as
you begin studying this lesson, I’m sure you will make yourself
acquainted of how certain regions affect global economic
stability.

DISCUSSION :
The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily
between developed and developing countries, in regards to
access to computing and information resources such as the
internet and the opportunities derived from such access. How
do you understand these two terms? Write a short description
inside the illustration
 Global Divides

North South
 Global North and Global South
• The terms Global North and Global South, and First
world and Third World are used interchangeably in
common conversation. Though these two sets are related,
they are actually different.
• The labels First World and Third World came into
popular use during the Cold War between the capitalist
camp led by the US, UK, and their allies (mostly
Western European countries); and the socialist camp led
by the Soviet Union (otherwise known as the Union
Soviet Socialist Republic or USSR) and its allies (mostly
Eastern European countries).
 Global North and Global South (cont.)
• The capitalist camp was dubbed as the First
World, while the socialist side was labeled as
the Second World. The other countries of the
world comprising much of Asia, Africa, and
Latin America were called as the Third World.

• These countries were mostly former colonies

of western powers but were nevertheless
reluctant to be overtly included in either camp.
Global North and Global South (cont.)
• Currently, many countries labeled as part
of the First World and Second Worlds
during the Cold War are now part of the
Global North, while most of the Third
World countries still belong to the Global
South.
• The nations around the world depend on
each other’s support. This is also the
same among nations in same regions. The
more that they are connected for regional
development.
 Regionalization
• Process of closer economic integration of countries
within a region (oftentimes, culturally and
geographically linked countries)

Regional cooperation, effectively structured and

implemented, is a powerful new tool in Asia’s policy
arsenal. It can help Asia address regional challenges
as well as provide stronger foundations for its global
role.
• Over the past years, the Philippines
as well as other countries in Latin
America are still struggling in
economic prosperity. The common
factors were focused on the
colonization that happened in the
past. Since then, we try to improve
and meet the demands of the global
economy.
 Reflections:
• Answer the following questions as a proof of your
understanding of the lessons.
• 1. Why are the terms First World and Third World, and the
Global North and Global South used interchangeably? Is it
justifiable to use them as such?
• 2. How can Global South catch up with the Global North?
• 3. DO globalization and regionalization converge? How and
when do they converge?

• REFERENCES Claudio, L. & Abinales, P.(2018). The Contemporary

World. C&E Publishing, Inc. San Juan, David Michael M.(2018).
Journeys through Our Contemporary World. Vibal Group, Inc.
https://aric.adb.org/emergingasianregionalism/pdfs/Final_ear_chapters/
chapter%201.pdf
 MODULE 4
THE GLOBAL CITY
• LEARNING OUTCOMES • EXPECTATIONS
• 1. identify the attributes of • . This lesson will bring you to a
a global city unique understanding of global
city and its effect to economy. The
• 2. analyze how cities serve emergence of huge cities is
as engines of globalization bringing the change we never
• 3. analyze the political, expect in just a short span of
economic, cultural, and time. Hence, may you devotedly
study this module as we foresee
social factors underlying the possibilities around us.
the global movements of Further, you will be writing a
people reflective essay on the role of
some Global Cities in relation to
globalization
Discussion
• All of us had visited various
places where we feel the
comfort and excitement.
Regardless of the location,
the reason of our visit
depends on an individual’s
perception of a certain
place.
• For example, going to
Japan or South Korea is
your priority because it
attracts you so much.
 Functions of Global Cities (Longworth,
2015
• 1.As highly concentrated command points in the
organization of the world economy.’
• 2.As key locations of finance and specialized
service firms, which have replaced manufacturing
as the leading economic sectors.
• 3.As sites of production, including innovation, in
these leading sectors.
• 4.As markets for the products and innovations
produced.
 MIGRATION
• The movement of people from one place
to another with the intentions of settling
permanently or temporarily at a new
location. There are many reasons of
migration that dictates the movements of
people. But how do you visualize the
meaning of migration? Do the activity
below to widen up your understanding
about the concept
 LEARNING SUMMARY
• Identify and explain the basis of ranking the
global cities given the aspects below.
• 1. Business Activity
• 2. Human Capital
• 3. Information Exchange
• 4. Cultural Experience
• 5. Political Engagement
REFLECTIONS
• Reflect on the following questions by writing your
viewpoints.
• 1. What attributes of a global city does Metro Manila
reflect?
• 2. Why do some academics link global cities with
colonialism?
• 3. How does outsourcing promote the growth of
prospective global cities?
 MODULE 5
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• 1. identify the institutions that govern International
Relations
• 2. differentiate Internationalism from Globalism; and
• 3. explain the effects of globalization on
governments

• Keywords: interstate system, nation, state, globalism,

informationalism
EXPECTATIONS
• This module will discuss what will take for states to
uphold a more comprehensive set of rights:
• Civil and Political and Economic rights which ae
essential for citizens to flourish in the Political Climate
and work more assiduously to close the “Citizenship
Gap” in order to create more equitable and sustainable
conditions for the next generation.
• Give time to study every detail of this module to
further understand the relationships of certain nations
towards economic development. The concluding part is
for you to make a reflective analysis on current trends
of globalization.
 DISCUSSION
• As we continue with our discussion, you are now about to
complete in one of the requirements of this course. Now, let us
try to distinguish the terms below. Explain the connection of
each concept in the Venn diagram.

STATE NATION
 How did the interstate start?
• 1. Westphalia vs. Napoleon - Westphalia system provided
stability for the nations of Europe - First major challenge by
Napoleon Bonaparte - Bonaparte believed in spreading the
principles of the French revolution Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity - Napoleonic wars
• Treaty of Westphalia is a set of agreements signed in 1648
to end the thirty years’ war between the major continental
powers of Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the
future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise
complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not
to meddle in each other’s affairs and provide stability for the
nations of Europe.S
 2. Napoleonic Code
• - forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or
religion, and promoted meritocracy in government
service.
• Meritocracy – a government holding of power by
people selected on the basis of their ability
• - A ruling or influential class of educated or skilled
people
• - This system shocked the monarchies and the
hereditary elites of Europe and they mustered their
armies to push back against the French emperor.
3. Anglo and Prussian Armies - Anglo and
Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the
Battle of waterloo in 1815. - They created a new
system that in effect, restored the Westphalian
system.

4. Concert of Europe - Concert of Europe was

an alliance of “great powers” sought to restore
the world monarchial hereditary, and religious
privilege of the tie before the French Revolution
and Napoleonic Wars.
5. Metternich System
• - It was an alliance that sought to restore
the sovereignty of states
• - The Metternich system as named after
the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von
Metternich who was the system’s main
architect
• - The concert power and authority lasted
from 1815-1914
• - The dawn of World War I
Attributes of Global System
• 1. Countries or states are independent and
govern themselves
• 2. These countries interact with each
other through diplomacy
• 3. International organizations facilitate
these interaction
• 4. International organizations also take
on lives of their own
Political Globalization
• Refers to the growth of the worldwide
political system, both in size and
complexity. One of the key aspects of
political globalization is the declining
importance of the nation-state and the rise
of other actors on the political scene. The
creation and existence of the United
Nations is called one of the classic
examples of political globalization.
GLOBALISM
• Globalism means “networks of
connections spanning multi-continental
distances, drawing them close together
economically, socially, culturally and
informationally” (Das 2011:18).
• Globalization in turn is generally
conceived as the process promoting and
intensifying multi-continental
interconnectedness, and thereby
increasing the degree of globalism
INTERTIONALISM
• Internationalism is a movement
which advocates a greater economic
and political cooperation among
nations for the theoretical benefit of
all.
Sometimes, it is contrasted with
nationalism or devotion to the interests
of a particular nation.
LEARNING SUMMARY
• Select one among the options and write a
reflective analysis about a current trend of
globalization in a form of a simple essay.
Include the effects of globalization on
governments.
• 1. population trends
• 2. science and technology
• 3. increasing integration and interdependence
• 4. governance
 REFLECTIONS
• Analyze the given question and explain briefly. Is
there any importance of every nation’s relationship
towards economic progress and peace?

• REFERENCES Aldama, P.K. 2018. The

Contemporary World. Rex Book Stor, Inc. San Juan,
D.M. 2018. Journeys through Our Contemporary
World. Vibal Group, Inc