Photosynthesis

Sunshine plays a bigger role in our

lives than you may think. All the food
we eat and the fossil fuels we burn
are products of photosynthesis.

Plants turn solar energy into food

which is nice of them because
animals can’t eat sunshine.

When animals eat plants and other animals,

that original solar energy is passed along
the food chain.
Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy
into chemical energy that is used by biological systems
(that means us).

Photosynthesis has 3 major events:

1. Sunlight is converted into chemical energy

2. Water (H2O) is split into oxygen (O2)
3. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is fixed into sugars (C6H12O6)

The photosynthesis reaction:

6 CO2  + 12 H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6  + 6 H2O + 6 O2

6 Carbon 12 Water 1 Sugar 6 Water 6 Oxygen
dioxide molecules (glucose) molecules molecules
molecules molecule
 Oxidation Reaction

The loss of electrons from a

substance or the gain of oxygen.
Oxidation

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

glucose
Carbon Oxygen
Water
dioxide
 Reduction Reaction

The gain of electrons to a

substance or the loss of oxygen.
Reduction

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

glucose
Photosynthesis is carried out by:
certain bacteria plants These organisms are known
as photoautotrophs or
producers meaning they
make their own food and
energy from the sun.

most algae cyanobacteria phytoplankton

Consumers such as herbivores and

carnivores depend on the products
of photosynthesis that producers
make to live.
 Glucose Glucose (C6H12O6) is a
sugar and its molecular
structure looks like this.
During photosynthesis, plants
produce glucose molecules when
they convert light energy into Plants produce sugars as a source of food.
chemical energy. The chemical However, they produce way more than they
energy is stored in the bonds of need to survive. This is a great benefit for all
glucose. the species that depend on glucose for energy.

Plants also use the All biological energy comes from glucose.
glucose they produce for
energy. When plants
produce excess glucose When animals
they store it in their digest plants, they
leaves. are breaking down
the glucose bonds
to release stored
energy to power
their bodies.
 Plant Chef
Glucose in Plants
Why do plants make glucose?
What is it plants do with glucose? “My masterpiece!”

Glucose
Glucose molecules can be broken
apart for energy to power reactions.

Plants can also make glucose into carbohydrate

chains called polysaccharides.

poly = many saccharide = carbohydrate

Glucose is a simple sugar Glucose is a monosaccharide. Glucose
because it is one of the smallest
units of carbohydrates. mono = one saccharide
There are 2 polysaccharide chains in plants:
Cellulose Starch
Cellulose is the structural Starch is a long term energy store that
component of cell walls. the plant can use later.

O O O O O O O O
 Each atom’s movement can be traced through the photosynthesis reaction.
Each letter stands for the
A water 6
element the atom is made 1 8 molecule of
One
A carbon
of, so dioxide
the letter C means C H O
molecule has
The sunlight providesglucose
the (sugar)
molecule has 12.01
an atom of carbon. 2 hydrogenenergy 1.008 16.00
and has 6 carbon, 12
for the reaction.
1 carbon and 2
1 oxygen atoms. Hydrogen hydrogen and 6
Oxygen
oxygen atoms. Carbon
oxygen atoms.

6 CO2  + 12 H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6  + 6 H2O + 6 O2

Before After
6 carbon atoms 6 carbon atoms
If 6 carbon dioxide
If 12 water molecules are 12 oxygen atoms 12 hydrogen atoms
molecules are used there are 24 hydrogen 6 oxygen atoms
there are 6 carbon
atoms (12 x 2 = 24) and 12 24 hydrogen atoms 12 hydrogen atoms
atoms and 12 oxygen atoms total. 12 oxygen atoms 6 oxygen atoms
atoms total (6 x 2 = 12).
12 oxygen atoms
6 oxygen atoms 6 oxygen atoms
If you count every atom before and 24 oxygen atoms 24 oxygen atoms
after the reaction they are balanced. 24 hydrogen atoms 24 hydrogen atoms
 Through evolution, plant cells, certain bacteria
and some algae have acquired chloroplasts to
help carry out the photosynthetic reaction.
Chloroplasts are a plastid or plant cell organelle.
Chloroplasts are full of round flattened discs
called thylakoids.

A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.

Both pictures are of
chloroplasts in plant
cells at different
magnifications.
Chloroplast

Stroma is the
Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs. space inside
chloroplasts
 Where did chloroplasts come from?

A very long time ago, plant cells were

once ancient eukaryotic cells that had
enveloped a cyanobacteria.
Eventually, the cyanobacteria became
a part of the cell and dependent upon
it for life which in turn gave the cell
the ability to photosynthesize.

Mitochondria are also This is called the endosymbiotic theory.

believed to have been (endo = inside)
engulfed by ancient
eukaryotic cells through
endosymbiosis.
Plant DNA There are many reasons why scientists
Bacterial DNA Chloroplast DNA believe this theory.
One is that chloroplasts have their own
DNA that is different from plant DNA
but similar to bacterial DNA.
Cyanobacteria Today
Cyan comes from the Greek word cyanin which
means aqua colored.

Not all bacteria that undergo photosynthesis are

cyanobacteria but all cyanobacteria are photosynthetic
bacteria e.g. purple bacteria are not cyanobacteria but were
the first bacteria discovered that can photosynthesize.

Cyanobacteria undergo photosynthesis in lakes, ponds, and

oceans.

Cyanobacteria lack chloroplasts - why do you think that is?

Photosynthesis in plants happens in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are full of thylakoids stacked in granum.

The thylakoid membranes

are lined by pigments such as
chlorophyll and cartenoids.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment

and is the most abundant.

Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelength colors

except green, which is reflected off giving
These pigments harvest plants their green appearance.
light energy packets or
photons when they
absorb sunlight.
The Photosynthesis Reaction is divided into two parts:

Light Reactions Dark Reactions

Light reactions or Dark reactions or “light independent

“light dependent reactions” reactions” do not need light energy to
capture light energy to power power their reactions and can occur day
photosynthesis. or night.
Light reactions occur during the day time.
Discovered by three scientists, the dark
reactions are also called the Calvin-
Bensen-Bassham cycle or just Calvin
They take place in the thylakoids.
Cycle.

Pigments in the thylakoid membranes

form protein complexes called
Photosystem I and Photosystem II.

C B B
These photosystems harvest photons to Dark reactions occur in the stroma of
charge up energy carrying molecules that chloroplasts (the space that surrounds
will power the dark reactions. thylakoids) and fix carbon dioxide into
glucose.
Energy Carrying Molecules: ATP & NADP+ adenosine triphosphate
Both are energy carrier molecules used in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration. “ATP”
NADP+ can hold excited electrons (e-) A P P P
charged from the light energy harvested
by chlorophyll to become NADPH.
R three phosphate
adenosine = groups
Eventually, NADPH passes the electron adenine + ribose
it’s holding to power the dark reactions
and reverts back to NADP+.
ATP is called the “cellular currency”
because it is used to power all the
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reactions that take place in the cells
of all living things.
When ATP’s third phosphate is
N “NADP+”
broken off it releases energy that
the cell can use.
P P A
R R ATP is made when a third
phosphate group is added to
P ADP (diphosphate, di = two).
NADP is a very complex molecule, this is a simplification.
Light Reactions

The energy absorbed by the

chlorophyll during the light reactions is
used to power photosystem II that T
PSII
breaks the bonds of water absorbed H
through the plant’s roots. Y
L
Photosystem II A
K
O
I
D

Freed oxygen atoms bind with each other to form

the gas O2. O_ O
_

H HO
O2 is a byproduct 2of photosynthesis not used by
the plant so it is released through the stomata of
plants.
Stomata (Greek for mouth) are little pores in O2
leaves that open and close to let oxygen out and
carbon dioxide in.
Light Reactions
When water molecules break apart, the
remaining two hydrogen atoms have a
positive charge and are called protons.
These protons are kept inside the
thylakoid by the thylakoid membrane.
T
H
Y
L H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
A
H+ H+ H+
K
O When there are more protons inside the
I ATP thylakoid than in the stroma outside, protons
D maker want to leave the crowded thylakoid.
When the protons (H+) cross the membrane to
leave, a protein uses their passage to power
ATP production.
The protein ATP synthase attaches a phosphate group
to ADP (D = di or two) making it ATP (T = tri or three).
Light Reactions

The light energy absorbed by

chlorophyll also powers
photosystem I that charges up
the energy carrier molecule
NADP+ into NADPH.

NADP+ NADPH

T PSI
PSII NADPH then carries its energy over to
H
Y power the dark reactions or Calvin Cycle.
L
A
K
O
I
D
 Energy from the energized electrons pump
H+ ions and change NAPD+ to NADPH.

The H+ ions move from high to low and turn

the ATP synthase and change ADP + P to ATP

Energized electrons

Oxygen
by-product
Photolysis
 NADPH
Light Reactions NADP+

Summary
T PSI
PSII
Photons are absorbed by the pigments to H
power photosystem I and photosystem II. Y O_
L H

_
H
Photosystem II splits water molecules into A
two protons (H+) and oxygen atoms are K
expelled as O2 gas through the stomata. O
I ATP
maker
Protons cross the thylakoid membrane and D
power protein complex ATP synthase to make
ATP.

NADP+ is powered up by photosystem I to

make NADPH to be used in the dark reactions.

Light dependent reactions finish with

charged NADPH, ATP, and released O2.
Dark Reactions

Also called the Calvin Cycle, the dark

reactions start and end with the same
products hence “cycle”.
All the dark reactions take place in the
stroma of the chloroplast.

The Calvin Cycle starts with RuBP molecules

and carbon dioxide molecules. An enzyme
called Rubisco combines them into an
unstable intermediate.

RuBP
Rubisco

CO2 Since the intermediate of

This is the reason plants take in carbon combined RuBP and CO2 is
dioxide, to start the Calvin Cycle and begin unstable it quickly splits in
the conversion of RuBP into glucose. half and forms 2 molecules
RuBP is the starting molecule and ending molecule of of 3-PGA which are stable.
the Calvin Cycle. It will be remade at the end of the
cycle so that the cycle can begin again.
 Dark Reactions

2. The ATP and NADPH from the light

reactions provide the energy to convert the
two molecules of 3-PGA into their final form
G3P.

The left overs are

reused in the light
reactions to remake
ATP and NADPH.

2 G3P are joined to make a glucose molecule.

+ 
 Dark Reactions

Not all G3P is made into glucose.

The Calvin Cycle occurs in every stroma in

every chloroplast in every plant cell every
second of every day.

That’s a lot of reactions all happening

simultaneously!

The spent ATP from the reaction

Most of the G3P made during the Calvin Cycle are
leaves ADP and a phosphate group.
made into RuBP, the starting molecule, with energy
These are reused in the light
from ATP molecules.
reactions to make more ATP.
Now the Calvin Cycle can begin again.
 Chloroplast
Dark Reactions
Summary

The Calvin Cycle converts the

carbon from carbon dioxide
into glucose in the stroma. This
is called carbon fixation
because carbon is fixed into
another form.

Photosynthesis is carried out in two steps.

First, in two light dependent photosystems.
Second, in a light independent carbon fixation cycle
called the Calvin Cycle. Through this process, the
plant is able to convert sunlight, water, and CO2
into glucose (or sugar) and ATP.
As a byproduct of this process, O2 is released.
 Summary
• Plants are the producers of the biosphere creating the oxygen
and glucose needed for most organisms.
• Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants.
• Chloroplasts contain thylakoids where the light reactions take
place.
• Light reactions convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH.
• The dark reactions or Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to
convert CO2 into sugar.
• The light reactions and the dark reactions cooperate to
convert light energy into chemical energy housed in glucose.
• Plants and animals use glucose to power metabolic processes.
 Recap
• Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical
energy thru series of biochemical pathways
• Electrons excite in photosystem II – move along ETC to
photosystem I
• electrons are replaced when water is split
• oxygen is byproduct
• ATP synthesized across thylakoid
• Calvin cycle – carbon is fixed & sugar produced
• 3 turns produce PGAL (PGAL keeps cycle going
• Other pathways – C3, C4, CAM
When plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air, they
are removing carbon from the atmosphere and fixing
carbon into forms usable by other organisms. The
burning of fossil fuels for energy, releases carbon
dioxide gas into the atmosphere increasing the amount
of carbon in the atmosphere.

Human’s excessive dependence on fossil

fuels has led to an increase in the level
of CO2, a green house gas that traps heat
in the atmosphere and heats up the
earth. The rate at which human’s are
burning fossil fuels is too high for plants
and oceans to take carbon out of the
atmosphere.

Deforestation is a contributing factor to the excessive

amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere and is also due to
human influence. With the destruction of entire
forests every day, we reduce the number of plants
available to reduce carbon in the atmosphere.
 Alternates:

• C3 plants – use Calvin cycle exclusively

– Form 3-carbon compounds
• C4 pathway – evolved in hot, dry climate
– Form 4-carbon compounds
– Partially close stomata
– E.g. Corn, sugar cane, crabgrass
• CAM – open stomata at night, close in day
– Grow slow, lose less water
– E.g. cactus, pineapple
 C4 Plants
• Hot, moist
environments
• 15% of plants
(grasses, corn,
sugarcane)
• Photosynthesis
occurs in 2 places:
– Light reaction -
mesophyll cells
– Calvin cycle - bundle
sheath cells
 C4 Plants

Malate-4C sugar Malate

C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
Transported CO2
CO2
C3
Vascul
glucose Tissu
C-C-C
PEP ATP
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid

Mesophyll Cell Bundle Sheath Cell

 CAM Plants

• Hot, dry environments

• 5% of plants (cactus and ice
plants)
• Stomates closed during day
• Stomates open during the night
• Light reaction - occurs during the
day
• Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is
present
 CAM Plants
Night (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)

Vacuole
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
CO2 Malate Malate
Malate
CO2
C3

C-C-C
PEP
ATP C-C-C glucose
Pyruvic acid
An overview of photosynthesis

Chloroplast
Light H2O CO2

NADP+
ADP
+P
LIGHT CALVIN
REACTIONS CYCLE
(in grana (in stroma
ATP

NADPH

O2 Sugar
 Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis

1. Temperature: increases rate up to a certain point

2. Light Intensity: increases rate up to a certain point
3. CO2 level: Increases rate up to a certain point
4. Water: decrease water, decrease photosynthesis
5. Minerals; Ex. Magnesium, Nitrogen
Go Out and Thank a Tree!