Intro To Computer
Intro To Computer
Intro To Computer
Computers
A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that
is either on (1) or off (0)
Permutations of bits are used to store values. All information
is represented as combinations of the two digits 0 and 1.
Binary Numbers
1 bit 2 bits 3 bits 4 bits
1 bit = 2 choices, a 0 or a 1
Hard
Disk
Main
Input Memor
Floppy Disk
y
Process
Output
Storage
Communication
Computer Hardware
Computer consists of
Input and
output Storage
Input
Computer Hardware
Input Devices
Computer Hardware
Output Devices
Computer Hardware
The CPU
– manipulates raw data into more useful form
and controls the other parts of the computer
system.
Primary storage
– temporarily stores data and program instructions
during processing.
Secondary storage
– devices store data and programs when they are not
being used in processing.
Input devices
– convert data and instructions into electronic form for
input into the computer.
Computer Hardware
Output devices
– convert electronic data produced by the computer
system and display them in a form that people
can understand.
Communication devices
– provide connections between the computer
and communications networks.
Buses
– are circuitry paths for transmitting data and
signals among the parts of the computer system.
How Computers Represent Data
Faster and
Must be
more reliable
re-
than DRAM
energized Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips
constantly
Memory
What is read-only memory (ROM)?
ON OFF
disappears
Memory
(most RAM) instructions erased
(chips on motherboard) available to user
Nonvolatile
diskette) lin
er
– Thin, circular, flexible disk magnetic
coating
enclosed in rigid plastic shell metal hub
Track Sector
is narrow stores up to
recording band 512 bytes
that forms full of data
circle on disk
Formatting prepares disk for use and marks bad sectors as unusable
Magnetic Disks
How does a hard disk work?
Step 3.
When software requests a
disk access, read/write
heads determine current
Step 2. or new location of data.
Small motor spins
platters while
computer is running.
Step 4.
Head actuator positions
read/write head arms over
Step 1. correct location on
Circuit board controls platters to read or write
movement of head actuator data.
and a small motor.
Optical Disk
Also called compact disks or laser
Push the button to
optical disks, used laser technology slide out the tray.
to store data at densities many times
greater than those of magnetic
disks.
The most common optical disk
system used with PCs called CD- Insert the disc,
label side up.
ROM (compact disk read only
memory).
CD-ROM
What
is read-only
are optical discs?storage. Push the same
button to close
– Flat, round, portable metal discs made the tray.
of metal, plastic, and lacquer
– Can be read only or read/write
– Most PCs include an optical disc
drive
Optical Discs (Contd…)
How does a laser read data on an optical disc?
Optical Discs (Contd…)
How is data stored on an optical disc?
– Typically stored in single track
– Track divided into evenly sized sectors that store
items
disc sectors
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is an older storage technology that
still used for secondary storage of large volumes
of information.
The principle advantages
– its inexpensiveness, its relative stability and its
ability to store very large quantities of information.
The disadvantages
– its sequentially stored data and its relative
slowness compared to the speed of secondary
storage media.
Tap
e
What is tape?
– Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of
storing large amounts of data at low cost
– Primarily used for backup
PC Cards
What is a PC Card?
– Adds capabilities to computer
– Credit-card-sized device
commonly used in notebook
computers
Input and Output
Devices
Input devices
– Input devices gather data and convert them
into electronic form for use by the computer.
– Keyboard
• The principal method of data entry for entering text
and numerical data into a computer
– Pointing Devices
• A computer mouse is handheld device with point-and-
click capabilities that is usually connected to the computer
by a cable.
• Touch screens allows users to enter limited amounts of data by
touching the surface of a sensitized video display monitor
with finger or a pointer.
Source Data Automation
– Captures data in computer-readable form at the
time and place they are created.
– Optical Character Recognition (OCR) devices
translate specially designed mark, characters, and
codes into digital form.
– Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
technology is used primarily in check processing for
the banking industry, which the bottom of typical
check contains characters identifying the bank,
checking account, and check number that are
preprinted using a special magnetic ink.
– A MICR reader translates these characters into
digital
form for the computer.
– Handwriting-recognition devices such as pen-based
tablets, notebooks, and notepad are promising new
input technologies.
– These pen-based input devices convert the motion
made by an electronic stylus pressing on a touch-
sensitive tablet screen into digital form.
– Digital scanners translate image such as pictures
or documents into digital form.
– Voice input devices convert spoken words into digital
form for processing by the computer.
– Sensors are devices collect data directly from
the environment for input into a computer
system.
What Is Input?
What is input?
Data or instructions entered into memory
of computer
Input device is any hardware component
that allows users to enter data and
instructions
What Is Input?
What are the two types of input?
Data
Unprocessed text, numbers, images, audio, and video
Instructions
Programs
Commands
User responses
The Keyboard
How is the keyboard divided?
Typing area
Numeric keypad
Function keys, special keys that issue
commands
Pointing Devices
What is a mouse?
Pointing device that fits under palm of hand
Pointing device controls movement of pointer, also called
mouse pointer mouse buttons
wheel
Mechanical mouse has
button
rubber or metal ball
on underside
ball
mouse pad
Other Pointing Devices
What is a trackball?
– Stationary pointing device with a
ball on its top or side
– To move pointer, rotate ball with
thumb, fingers, or palm of hand
Flatbed Pen or
Handheld
Drum Sheet-fed
Biometric Input
What is biometrics?
Authenticates person’s identity by verifying personal characteristic
Fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations
of fingerprint
Hand geometry system measures shape and size of
person’s
hand
Biometric Input
What are examples of biometric
technology?
Voice verification system compares live
speech with stored voice pattern
Signature verification system
recognizes shape of signature
Iris recognition system reads patterns
in blood vessels in back of eye
Biometric data is sometimes stored on
smart card, which stores personal data
on microprocessor embedded in card
Output Devices
Output Devices
– Display data after they have been processed.
– Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• The most popular form of information output.
• It works much like a television picture tube, with an electronic
gun shooting a beam of electrons to illuminate the pixels on
the screen.
– Printers
• Produce a printed hard copy of information output.
• Include impact printers ( dot-matrix printer), and non-impact
printers (laser, inkjet, and thermal transfer printers).
Output Devices
– Plotters
• To created high-quality graphics documents with
multicolored pens to draw computer output.
• Slower than printers but are useful for outputting large-
size charts, maps or drawing.
– Voice output devices
• Converts digital output data into intelligible speech.
– Speakers
• To deliver an audio output such as music, that is connected
to
the computer.
What is Output?
What is output?
Data that has been processed into a useful form,
Output device is any hardware component
that can convey information to user
Display Devices
What is a display device?
– Output device that visually conveys information
Information on display device sometimes
called soft copy
Monitor houses display device as separate
peripheral
Display Devices
What is a CRT monitor?
– Contains cathode-ray tube (CRT), LCD, LED
– Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material
• Each dot consists of a red, blue, and green phosphor
– Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 22 inches
• Viewable size is diagonal measurement of actual viewing area
Video Cards
Video cards plug into the motherboard and are
used to display video.
VRAM is video memory that enhances the
refreshment rate of the image.
Video cards have chipsets that can increase the
speed of video display.
Resolution
Resolution refers to the number of pixels (picture
elements) in the monitor image.
Increased resolution uses more computer
resources but increases the visual clarity of the
display.
Resolution
Screen resolution is measured in pixel per inch (ppi),
and
printer resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi).
Computer screen resolution is approximately 72 ppi.
Width x Height (Pixels) Video Display
– 640 x 480 Low Resolution
– 800 x 600 Medium Resolution
– 1600 x 1200 High Resolution
Printers
What is a printer?
– Output device that produces
text and graphics on paper
– Result is hard copy, or printout
– Two orientations: portrait and
landscape
Speakers and Headsets
What is an audio output device?
Computer component that produces music, speech, or other
sounds
Speakers and headsets are common devices
Ports and Peripherals
Ports are an interface between the computer and
another peripheral device such as a disk drive,
mouse, printer, modem, monitor, camera, FLASH
drive or keyboard.
Examples:
– Serial
– Parallel
– hot-wire
– USB
Troubleshooting
Troubleshootin
g
No display in Monitor
– Check All Power Cable And Monitor VGA
Cable
– Clean up the insides of your Pc with a paint brush
at least once a month. (Due to Dust)
– Try hooking up an extra cooling fan to your Pc to
reduce the heat.
– Keep your Pc in a well ventilated area such as close to
a window.
Troubleshooting (Contd…)
CPU running but no display on monitor
– Clean your CMOS battery which is attached with your
motherboard, this is just like a watch battery and after
you clean it out by rubbing it a little bit put it back in.
– Then clean your RAM by pulling it out and also dust
off your CPU
– Change Your Power Supply
CMOS Battery
Troubleshooting (Contd…)
3-beeps-no-display-on-monitor
– Remove the RAM from the slot, clean it and place it
back properly
– Try another slot. Check you RAM also
Troubleshooting (Contd…)
Hard disk not detected
Boot Disk Failure