PLANT AND ANIMAL

CHEMICAL AND
NERVOUS CONTROL
GROUP 4​
NERVOUS CONTROL IN PLANTS
Plant Response to Environmental Stimuli
• Living organisms respond to environmental
stimuli primarily for survival. Plants have its
own mechanisms and stimuli to respond to
different environmental conditions like light,
water, wind, gravity, and touch
 3

TROPISM
 Is the collective term used to define the
biological mechanism that enables plant to move
towards or away from the stimulus. When plant
response moves towards the stimulus, it is
called positive tropism. However, when plant
response moves away from the stimulus, it is
called negative tropism.
TYPES OF
PLANT
TROPISM
 5

1. PHOTOTROPISM
• It is a plant response to light. Plants use
light to photosynthesize. Plants use this
mechanism to get light and generate energy
for growth and development. Thus,
sunflowers are called so because its flower
always faces toward the sun.
 6

2. HYDROTROPISM
• Plant survival mechanism to
respond to water. Roots
bend to towards water for
protection against
dehydration and roots move
away from water through
negative hydrotropism to
prevent oversaturation
 7

3. GRAVITROPISM
• A plant response to gravity is termed
as gravitropism or geotropism in
some references. Plant roots always
show a positive response to gravity,
as roots are directed towards the
ground. However, the plant body has
a negative response to gravity.
Thus, it moves against gravity, and
grows upward to get sunlight.
 8

4. THIGMOTROPISM
• Plant growth in response to touch is
called thigmotropism. This is a
survival mechanism of vines to gain
support and reach for sunlight. When
they touch the object the tendrils
contract and coil.
CHEMICAL CONTROL IN PLANTS
Hormones in plants act as chemical messenger. Plant hormones are called
phytochrome. It controls all growth and development activities of plants, it
also coordinates plant response to stimuli. Hormones are active even at low
concentrations. They are produced in specific areas and have different effects
which varies at the level of concentration and developmental stage of a plan.
 PLANT
HORMONES
Name of Plant Hormone Where It Is Produced In A Major Functions 11

Plan

Abscisic acid (ABA) Found in all plant cells and Inhibits growth, closes the
tissues, can be transported in stomata to lessen transpiration
the phloem or xylem or prevent drought stress,
promotes seed dormancy,
promotes leaf senescence

Auxin (IAA) Shoots apical meristems, young Stem elongation (at low
leaves, root apical meristems concentration), lateral and
adventitious root formation,
functions in gravitropism and
phototropism, retards leaf
abscission
 Name of Plant Where It Is Produced In A Major Functions 12

Hormone Plan

Brassinosteroids (BRs) Found in all plant tissues (seeds, Stops root growth at high
fruit, flowers, leaves and roots) concentrations, promote root
growth at low concentrations,
promote xylem differentiation, cell
expansion and cell division in
shoots, pollen tube elongation

Cytokinins (CK) Primarily produced in the roots Cell division in the shoots and
and transported to other plant roots, stimulate seed germination,
organs delay leaf abscission
 Name of Plant Where It Is Produced In A Major Functions 13

Hormone Plan

Gibberellins (Gas) Apical meristems of roots and Promote seed and bud germination,
buds, young leaves, developing stem elongation, leaf growth,
seeds pollen development, fruit growth,
seed development and germination,
regulate sex determination and the
transition from juvenile to adult
phases

Ethylene A gas hormone found in all parts of Promotes ripening of many fruits,
the plant, high concentration during leaf abscission, enhances root and
senescence and ripening fruits root hair formation, promotes
flowering of pineapples
14
CHEMICAL AND
NERVOUS
CONTROL IN
ANIMALS
Animal response to environmental stimuli is
coordinated by two main systems: Nervous
system and the Endocrine system. The nervous
system consists of millions of interconnected
nerves that receives and processes information
to elicit a response of the stimulus.
 17

Invertebrates
nervous
system
VERTEBRATES NERVOUS 18

SYSTEM
Functions: Two main divisions:
• Gathers information  Central nervous system (CNS)
• Transmit and process  The Brain
information; and  The Spinal Cord
• Elicit the best responses to the
stimulus  Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)
 Motor neurons
 Sensory neurons
THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS
• The brain is considered the most complex
organ of the human body protected by the
skull. It functions as the main control system
of the human body.

• The spinal cord on the other hand, connects

the brain to other nerves of the body. It is
protected by the spinal column.
THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Motor neurons are also called efferent neurons
send signals from the central nervous system to the
muscles and glands or other parts of the body.
Motor neurons signals are either through the
somatic nervous system (SNS) or the
autonomic nervous system (ANS).
 THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons
carry signals from the sensory organs to the central
nervous system. Somatic nervous system controls
voluntary movements while autonomic nervous
system controls involuntary responses. The
autonomic nervous system is further subdivided
into sympathetic division or the parasympathetic
division. The sympathetic division is the fight or
flight response while parasympathetic division is the
rest and digest response.
22
 23

NEURON
 The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous
system.
 Coordinates the body through long distance electrical
signals and short distance chemical signals.
 The structure of a neuron, allows it to use pulses of
electrical current to receive, transmit and regulate the
flow of information over long distances within the
body.
 Four basic parts: dendrite, soma, axon, and axon
terminal
 24

PARTS OF THE NEURON

1 2 3
AXON CELL BODY OR SOMA DENDRITES

It is an extension that It is where most of the It is the branch extensions of

transmits signals to other organelle’s are located the neuron. It receives signals
cells. It is longer than from other neurons
dendrites. Axons branch end
carry information to another
cell at a junction called
synapse. Axons are enveloped
by a myelin sheath for faster
conduction of impulse
Synapse Transmission
25

Synapse is a
junction where
neurons can
connect to other
neurons.
Neurotransmitters
power the impulse
transmission
across the synapse.
 CHEMICAL CONTROL IN 26

ANIMALS
Chemical control of the body is governed by the
endocrine system. Endocrine system consists of
ductless glands that release hormones. Hormones
are chemical messengers secreted by a gland and
affect a specific target tissue or organ. Together
with nervous system, the endocrine system
coordinate with each other through a series of
feedback mechanisms. When there is
overproduction or underproduction of hormones,
a disorder will be formed.