Lect8 SamplingTechniques

Mixed Cohort
Research Methodology
Sampling Techniques
Dr. Owais Raza

PhD (Epidemiology)
Assistant Professor
School of Public Health
Dow University of Health Sciences
Objectives
• By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Identify & define population to be studied
• Differentiate probability & non-probability sampling techniques
• Describe various methods of probability sampling and their use
2
Importance
• Do we always need a sample for a research?

• To answer this, you would first need to answer what is the total size of
the population of your interest?
3
Population vs Sample
4
Unit of Analysis
o Each study population consists of study units or unit of analysis
5
Sampling
• SAMPLING is the process of selecting a number of study units from a

defined study population
• Representativeness
• If researchers want to draw conclusions which are valid for the whole
study population
• Representativeness is more important issue in quantitative study than
qualitative study
6
Sampling Methods
• Two main types of sampling:

• Probability sampling
• Non – probability sampling
7
Probability Sampling
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Multi-stage sampling
8
Non Probability Sampling
• Purposive sampling
• Snowball sampling
• Extreme case sampling
• Typical case sampling
• Critical case sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Consecutive sampling
9
• Simple random sampling • Make a numbered list of all the units in
• Systematic sampling the population

• Decide on the sample size
• Select the required number of sampling
units, using table of random number,
• Multi-stage sampling lottery method or computer generated
random numbers.
10
• A simple random sample of 50 students is to be
selected from a school of 250 students. Using a
• Systematic sampling list of all 250 students, each student is given a
number (1 to 250), and these numbers are
• Stratified sampling written on small pieces of paper. All the 250
papers are put in a box, after which the box is
shaken vigorously, to ensure randomization.
• Multi-stage sampling Then, 50 papers are taken out of the box, and
the numbers are recorded. The students
belonging to these numbers will constitute the
sample. 11
• Simple random sampling • Individuals are chosen at regular
• Systematic sampling intervals (e.g., every 5th) from the

sampling frame
12
• A systematic sample is to be selected from 1200 students
of a school. The sample size selected is 100.
• First calculate sampling interval (SI):
• Stratified sampling • The number of the first student to be included in the

sample is chosen randomly, for example by blindly
• Cluster sampling picking one out of twelve pieces of paper, numbered 1 to
12
• Multi-stage sampling • If # 6 is picked, then every twelfth student will be
included in the sample, starting with student # 6, until
100 students are selected: the numbers selected would be
6, 18, 30, 42, … 13
• Simple random sampling • Sampling frame must be divided into
• Systematic sampling groups, according to characteristics.

• Random or systematic samples of a pre-
determined size will then have to be
obtained from each group (stratum)
14
• A survey is conducted on household water supply in a
district comprising 20,000 households, of which 20% are
• Systematic sampling urban and 80% rural. A decision is made to include 100
urban households (out of 4000, which gives a 1 in 40
• Stratified sampling sample) and 200 rural households (out of 16000, which
gives a 1 in 80 sample)
• Multi-stage sampling Strata Urban Rural Total

# of people 4,000 16,000 20,000
Stratum sample size 60 240 300
15
• Simple random sampling • The population is split into a large
• Systematic sampling number of small groups called clusters
16
• Simple random sampling • In a study of the knowledge, attitudes
• Systematic sampling and practices (KAP) related to family

planning in rural communities of a
district, a list is made of all the villages.
Using this list, a random sample of
• Multi-stage sampling villages is chosen and all study units in
the selected villages are interviewed.
17
• Simple random sampling • In large and diverse populations sampling

may be done in two or more stages.
• This is often the case in community-based
studies, in which people are to be
• Cluster sampling interviewed from different villages, and the
• Multi-stage sampling villages have to be chosen from different

areas.
18
19
Resource
• https://bookdown.org/pkaldunn/Book/Sampling.html
20
Thanks
21

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Mixed Cohort

Dr. Owais Raza

• By the end of this session you should be able to:

• Do we always need a sample for a research?

o Each study population consists of study units or unit of analysis

• SAMPLING is the process of selecting a number of study units from a

• Two main types of sampling:

• Simple random sampling

• Simple random sampling • Make a numbered list of all the units in

• Systematic sampling the population

• Simple random sampling • Individuals are chosen at regular

• Systematic sampling intervals (e.g., every 5th) from the

• Stratified sampling • The number of the first student to be included in the

• Simple random sampling • Sampling frame must be divided into

• Systematic sampling groups, according to characteristics.

• Multi-stage sampling Strata Urban Rural Total

• Simple random sampling • The population is split into a large

• Systematic sampling number of small groups called clusters

• Simple random sampling • In a study of the knowledge, attitudes

• Systematic sampling and practices (KAP) related to family

• Simple random sampling • In large and diverse populations sampling

• Multi-stage sampling villages have to be chosen from different

• Simple random sampling

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