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Lecture 3

This document provides an overview of processors and memory. It discusses the internal structure of processors including the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It describes different types of processors available and factors that determine processor speed like clock cycles and word size. It explains the functions of commonly used registers. It also discusses different types of computer memory like RAM, ROM, and cache and how they are organized and accessed. The document provides a basic introduction to key concepts related to processors and memory.

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Priyam Chowdhury
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50 views21 pages

Lecture 3

This document provides an overview of processors and memory. It discusses the internal structure of processors including the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It describes different types of processors available and factors that determine processor speed like clock cycles and word size. It explains the functions of commonly used registers. It also discusses different types of computer memory like RAM, ROM, and cache and how they are organized and accessed. The document provides a basic introduction to key concepts related to processors and memory.

Uploaded by

Priyam Chowdhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3:

PROCESSOR AND
MEMORY

Prepared by-
Ishrat Nahar Farhana
Lecturer
Department of CSIT
Southern University Bangladesh
Learning Objectives
 Internal structure of processor
 Memory structure
 Determining the speed of a processor
 Different types of processors available
 Different types of memory available
 Several other terms related to the processor and
Basic Processor & Memory Architecture of a
Computer System
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The Brain of a computer system
 Performs all major calculations and comparisons
 Activates and controls the operations of other units of a
computer system
 Two basic components are
 Control Unit (CU)
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 No other single component of a computer determines its


overall performance as much as the CPU
Control Unit & Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit (CU):
 One of the two basic components of CPU
 Acts as the central nervous system of a computer system
 Selects and interprets program instructions, and coordinates execution
 Has some special purpose registers and a decoder to perform these activities
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) :
 One of the two basic components of CPU.
 Actual execution of instructions takes place in ALU
 Has some special purpose registers
 Has necessary circuitry to carry out all the arithmetic and logic operations
included in the CPU instruction set
Instrucotn
iSet

 CPU has built-in ability to execute a particular set of machine


instructions, called its instruction set
 Most CPUs have 200 or more instructions (such as add, subtract,
compare, etc.) in their instruction set
 CPUs made by different manufacturers have different instruction sets
 Manufacturers tend to group their CPUs into “families” having similar
instruction sets
 New CPU whose instruction set includes instruction set of its
predecessor CPU is said to be backward compatible with its
predecessor
Registers
 Special memory units, called registers, are used to hold information on a
temporary basis as the instructions are interpreted and executed by the CPU
 Registers are part of the CPU (not main memory) of a computer
 The length of a register, sometimes called its word size, equals the number
of bits it can store
 With all other parameters being the same, a CPU with 32-bit registers can
process data twice larger than one with 16-bit registers
Functions of Commonly Used
Registers
Processor Speed
 Computer has a built-in system clock that emits millions of regularly spaced
electric pulses per second (known as clock cycles)
 It takes one cycle to perform a basic operation, such as moving a byte of
data from one memory location to another
 Normally, several clock cycles are required to fetch, decode, and execute a
single program instruction
 Hence, shorter the clock cycle, faster the processor
 Clock speed (number of clock cycles per second) is measured in Megahertz
(106 cycles/sec) or Gigahertz (109 cycles/sec)
Types of Processor
Types of Processor
Types of Processor
Main Memory
 Every computer has a temporary storage built into the computer hardware
 It stores instructions and data of a program mainly when the program is
being executed by the CPU.
 This temporary storage is known as main memory, primary storage, or
simply memory
 Physically, it consists of some chips either on the motherboard or on a small
circuit board attached to the motherboard of a computer
 It has random access property.
 It is volatile.
Storage Evaluation Criteria
Main Memory Organization
 Machines having smaller word-length are slower in operation than
machines having larger word-length
 A write to a memory location is destructive to its previous contents
 A read from a memory location is non-destructive to its previous contents
 Memory capacity of a computer is equal to the number of bytes that can
be stored in its primary storage
 Its units are:
 Kilobytes (KB):1024 (210) bytes
 Megabytes (MB):1,048,576 (220) bytes
 Gigabytes (GB):1,073,741824 (230) bytes
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Primary storage of a computer is often referred to as RAM because
of its random access capability
 RAM chips are volatile memory
 A computer’s motherboard is designed in a manner that the memory
capacity can be enhanced by adding more memory chips
 The additional RAM chips, which plug into special sockets on the
motherboard, are known as single-in-line memory modules
(SIMMs)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM a non-volatile memory chip
 Data stored in a ROM can only be read and use –they cannot be
changed
 ROMs are mainly used to store programs and data, which do not change
and are frequently used. For example, system boot program
Types of ROMs
Types of ROMs
Cache Memory
 It is commonly used for minimizing the memory-processor speed
mismatch.
 It is an extremely fast, small memory between CPU and main memory
whose access time is closer to the processing speed of the CPU.
 It is used to temporarily store very active data and instructions during
processing.
Thanks

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