1

It is opened to form a sling,

or to hold a hand, foot or
scalp dressing in place.
fold bandage to immobilize and
support limb or to secure a splint
or bulky dressing.
This is use for injuries in the knee,
abdomen, arm, forearm, leg, thigh,
shoulder, and hip.
From broad/semi-broad cravat, fold
the bandage horizontally in half
again. It should form a long, narrow,
thick strip material.
When securing the bandage take
not to tie it not too tight but not
too loose.
Do not leave loose ends
Leave the tips of fingers and
toes uncovered
Use sterile or clean materials as
dressings.
Pass the left end of the bandage over
and under the right end.
Lift both ends of the bandage above
the rest of the material.
Pass the end in your right hand over
and under the left hand
Pull the ends to tighten the knot, then
tuck them under the bandage.
 Pull one end and one piece of
bandage from the same side of
the knot firmly so that the piece
of bandage straightens. Hold the
knot and pull the straightened
end through it.
• Breathing induced by some manipulative
technique when natural respiration has ceased
or is faltering. Such techniques, if applied
quickly and properly, can prevent some deaths
from drowning, choking, strangulation,
suffocation, carbon monoxide, poisoning, and
electric shock.

• It is a process by which a first aider is restoring

and maintaining the victim’s breathing
whether my means of manual or mechanical
breathing.
1. Establishing and maintaining an
open-air passage from the upper
respiratory tract (mouth, throat, and
pharynx) to the lungs
2. Exchanging air and carbon dioxide in
the terminal air sacs of the lungs
while the heart is still functioning.
It is an emergency lifesaving procedure
performed when the heart stops beating.
Immediate CPR can double or triple
chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
It can help save a life during a cardiac
or breathing emergency. However, even
after training, remembering the CPR
steps and administering them correctly
can be a challenge.
1.The absence of respiration
2.The continuity of heartbeat
Schafer’s Method (Prone Method)
Holger Neilsen’s Method
Mouth to Mouth Resuscitation
Automated External Defibrillator
SCHAFER’S METHOD (PRONE
METHOD)
1. Check the scene and the injured or ill person
2. If the person is unconscious, send someone
or CALL the local emergency number.
3. CHECK for breathing for no more than 10
seconds
4. Quickly check for severe bleeding
5. If the person is not breathing, give CARE.
1. CHECK the scene and the injured or ill child or
infant
2. If the child or infant is unconscious, send someone or
CALL the local emergency number
3. CHECK for breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
If a child or infant is not breathing, and there was not
a witnessed sudden collapse, give 2 rescue breaths.
Quickly CHECK for severe bleeding.
4. If the child or infant is not breathing, give CARE by
beginning CPR with 30 chest compression followed
by 2 rescue breaths.
EMERGENCY RESCUE
TRANSFER
It is defined as the careful process of
looking for victims in order to find
someone missing or lost.

RESCUE
It shall mean an act of freeing a
trapped victim or casualty from
containment or under the rubble
safely.
1. Providing protection for the patient from
underneath.
2. A number of handholds.
3. Relatively expensive
4. This stretcher is suitable for patient transport
and some rescue techniques
5. A footplate is usually used to prevent the
patient sliding downward if the stretcher is
tilted towards the vertical position
Awareness on water emergencies is important
especially that there are cases drowning do not
happen when people are swimming.
“The most important thing you can do in an
aquatic emergency situation is to keep yourself
safe. In most cases, only trained professionals
should enter the water to perform a rescue,
such as a rescue in deep water or when the
victim is far from shore.
It is important for us to become
knowledgeable on the different water safety
signs and signals that we may encounter in
our trips.
 These are signs that do not HAZARD SIGNS
allow you to do something. This
is illustrated on black and red
These are signs that
on white signals a person on
apparent danger
MANDATORY SIGNS ahead. Shown in
These are signs that directs black on yellow.
a person to do something. INFORMATORY
Illustrated in white on These are not one of the
blue. safety signs instead, it gives
information to the person. It
is shown in black on white
Hazards- are dangers or risks that may put
someone’s life into peril when not taken the
necessary precautions or safety standards.
Bodies of Water – many people enjoy swimming in
natural bodies of water, including lakes, rivers and
oceans. Easy access to natural water environments
combined with the growing independence of older
children and adolescents can make these
environments especially dangerous to children who
are old enough to explore on their own.
Oceans – ocean waves and currents are always a
safety concern. Even at guarded beaches, wave
activity can be dangerous. Do not swim at
unguarded ocean beaches or in areas not
designated for swimming.
Tides – tidal currents are a cycle of ocean water
movements that first surge toward shore, called flood
tiles, then away from the shore, called ebb tides.
And the period in between tides when water is neither
moving toward nor away from shore is called slack
water.
When the moon is in it’s first or third phases, tidal
currents are weak, called neap tides.
Lakes and Ponds – this are common features of
many communities. In many cases, lake and pond
water is murky, which makes it difficult to see
below the surface.
Aquatic Life – there is aquatic life in almost all
natural bodies of water. Weeds, grass and kelp
often grow thickly in open water and can
entangle a swimmer.
Weather Conditions – it can make the
natural water environment more dangerous.
Always check the weather before heading
out to an aquatic environment.
Strainers – is an obstacle that acts like a kitchen colander.
It usually results from downed tress or shrubs resulting in
a snarl of tree limbs and branches.
Foot Entrapments – the bottom surface of many river’s,
streams and creeks is covered with rocks and other
submerged objects that can easily trap a person’s feet.
When combined with the powerful forces of moving
water, anyone whose foot is caught can be pushed under
water and pinned down, even in shallow water.
Hydraulics and Dams – these are vertical whirlpools
that happen as water flows over an object, such as a
low-head dam or waterfall, causing a strong downward
force that may trap a swimmer.
Exposure to Cold Water – cold water is always a
danger. Falling off a pier, breaking through ice on
a lake or being thrown into the water as a boat
swerves are accidents that can suddenly put a
person in cold water.

Hypothermia – is a life-threatening condition in

which cold or cool temperatures cause the body
to lose heat faster than it can produce it.
Here is what happens when a person falls into cold water:

1.The temperature of the skin and of the blood in the arms and
legs drops quickly.
2.At first, the victim may have trouble breathing and then may
slowly become unable to use the arms and legs.
3.The temperature of the heart, brain and other vital organs
gradually drops.
4.Shivering begins
5.The victim may become unable to think clearly.
6.The victim may become unconscious. If the temperature
drops more, death from heart failure is possible, but drowning
may occur first.
BASIC SKILL

Physical and Mental Adjustment - Physical adjustments to the

water involve gradually getting used to the water temperature and the
effects of buoyancy. Mental Adjustments involve taking efforts to
remain relaxed and control breathing. Once a swimmer becomes
comfortable in the water, these effects may no longer be noticeable.
Adjusting to the Water Temperature
Entering on the steps, ramp or slope until thigh deep and scooping
water onto the arms, chest, neck and face.
Sitting on the edge of the pool and scooping water onto the body.

Relaxation – it is the key to mentally adjusting to an aquatic

environment, and learning to control breathing helps people relax.
Cold or nervous swimmers should practice breath control before
entering the water.
  Breathing in and out slowly and deeply while
sitting on the edge of the pool
 Taking a deep breath, holding it for a couple
of seconds then slowly exhaling.

Bobbing and Breath Control – Coordinated breath

control is necessary to swim well. Holding the breath
for a long time is not necessary, but it is important to be
able to breath in and out rhythmically and steadily
while swimming.
1. Back Float – it is especially useful for survival.
One of the main benefits of the back float is that the
mouth stays above water throughout.

2. Floating on the front – like floating on the

back, floating on the front is an important
survival skill. Both the survival float and
survival swimming involve floating on the
front.
The jellyfish float helps demonstrate buoyancy.
1.In chest-deep water, submerge to the neck.
2.Take a deep breath and hold it.
3.Bend forward at the waist and put the head face down
in the water.
4.Flex the knees slightly to raise the feet off the bottom.
5.Let the arms and legs hang naturally from the body.
6.Continue holding the breath and relax as much as
possible.
7.Allow the back to rise to the surface of the water.
8.To recover, drop the feet, exhale slowly and stand up.
The tuck or turtle float is similar to the jellyfish float. Sinking a
few inches is possible before getting into the final position. If any
sinking takes place, the shoulders will eventually rise slowly
toward the surface until they are just above or below the surface
of the water.
1.Use the tuck float to check buoyancy.
2.In chest-deep water, submerge to the neck.
3.Take a deep breath and hold it.
4.Bend forward at the waist and put the head face down in the
water with the chin on the chest.
5.Flex the hips and bring the knees to the chest.
6.Hold on to the legs ad mid-calf.
7.Continue holding the breath and relax as much as possible.
8.Allow the body to rise to the surface.
9.To recover, let go of the legs, exhale slowly and stand up.
The front or prone float helps beginning swimmers
become more comfortable in a horizontal position. It is
easier to learn this skill in water that is shallow enough
to reach bottom surface with the hands.

KICK
Flutter kick – more propulsion is generated from the
arms than from the kick but the kick is still an important
part of this stroke.
The flutter kick is most effective when the feet stay
relaxed and floppy. This is why good ankle position is
essential in this kick.
Cadence – it is the number of kicks in an arm
cycle. An arm cycle is the time it takes for
one hand to enter the water and begin the
pull until it returns to that position.
Cadences are typically either a 2-beat kick or
a 6-beat kick. Each of these cadences is used
at different times and at different speeds.
Most swimmers use a 6-beat kick for shorter
distances, a 2-beat kick for longer distances.
It is the oldest known swimming stroke and for
many centuries, people thought the breaststroke was
the best stroke to teach beginners.
It is used for both recreational swimming and
lifesaving. The body position of the sidestroke reduces
frontal resistance and lets the face and one ear stay out
of water.
The key to this stroke is to stay relaxed and use the whole
body in a flowing forward motion. The time and effort
spent learning this stroke is well spent – swimming the
butterfly offers a rewarding feeling of power and grace.
It is the kick that is
used in the butterfly
stroke.
According to New York State Office of Fire Prevention and
Control there are Five Absolute Water Rescue Rules:

1.Never wear firefighting PPE for water rescue.

2.Always wear a PFD within ten feet of water.
3.Don’t enter moving water except last resort.
4.Don’t tie rescuers or victims into a rope in moving water.
5.Get the appropriate training before an incident occur.
1. Survey the scene (i.e. prevent further
injuries by identifying potential
environmental or other risks to the rescuer,
victim or bystanders.
2. Determine first aid needs.
3. Plan your course of action
4. Build the rescue system
1. Rescuers – these are the persons who are capable
and trained in search and rescue operations such as
uniformed personnel, volunteers, etc.
2. Tools – these are equipment, materials, or things
needed in times of emergency. Some
circumstances require specific tools.
3. Time – rescuers must save as many victims in the
fastest time possible. The first 24 hours are the
crucial hours when it comes to rescue, since the
victims might have the highest survival rate.
1. Search – to carefully look for victims in order to find
someone missing or lost
2. Rescue – to free trapped victim/casualty from
confinement or from under a rubble includes trained
personnel and volunteers depend on their availability