TOPIC 6 Childhood - 095516

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TOPIC 6: Defining

Children and Childhood


Ma’am Apipa M. Maulana, MIE
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the
students are expected to:
1. Define and discuss children
by age.

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Defining children by age

The enumeration on the rights of the child (article 1) states that a


child means every human being below the age 18-year-old unless,
under the law applicable to the child, the majority is attained earlier
(this appears as overhead 1.2) while this definition provides a point
of common reference for international organizations, NGO`s and
governments, operational definitions in the field may differ.

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Defining children by age
For example, the international committee of the red cross defines an
unaccompanied minor as “below 15 years of age and not being accompanied by an
adult. In contrast, the UNHCR definition is consistent with the CRC and sets under
18 as the age of inclusion in family tracing services. During the return of African
national congress members to South Africa, the term “youth” was widely applied to
single young men, frequently up to the age of thirty-five. On the other hand
countries, the threshold for youth may be at a much younger chronological age.

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Defining children by age

In many situations of conflict and displacement, the accuracy of children’s


ages may be in question. The lack of official birth records can combine with
the fact that, in many societies, exact dates of birth are of little importance.
In others, children are considered to be aged one birth. In the context of
every high infant mortality, new _ may not be funny named or even
recognized until they have passed a full year when it becomes more certain
that they will survive.
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Children
A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority.

“shed been playing tennis since she was a child“

1a: a young person especially between infancy and puberty a play for both children and adults.

b: a person not yet of the age of majority (see majority sense 2a) Under the law she is still a child.

c: a childlike or childish person he is a child in most business matters. This

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as, “A human being below
the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, the majority is attained earlier. “
This is ratified by 192 0f 194 member countries.
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Preschool

Relating to the time before a child is old enough to go to


kindergarten or elementary school.

“a preschool playgroup“

Preschool-age child means a child aged three through five not yet
attending kindergarten. If a child is older than age five and not
attending kindergarten or a higher grade.
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Puberty

The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and


become capable of reproduction.

“the onset puberty“

The time of life when a child experiences physical and hormonal


changes that mark a transition into adulthood. The child develops
secondary sexual characteristics and becomes able to have children.
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At what age is puberty?

The average age for girls to start puberty is 11,


while for boys the average age is 12. but it’s
perfectly normal for puberty to begin at any
point between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and
9 and 14 in boys.
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Youth

The period between childhood and adult age.

“he had been a keen sportsman in his youth“

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What age is Youth?

15-24 year

Who defines ‘Adolescents’ as individuals in


the 10-19 years age group and ‘youth’ as the
15-24 year age group.
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Adolescent

Is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood,


from ages 10-19. it is a unique stage of human
development and an important time for laying the
foundations of good health. Adolescents experience
rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth.
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Childhood Age

Childhood is the period of the human


lifespan between infancy and adolescence,
extending from ages 1-2 to 12-13. see child
development.
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Early Childhood Age

Early childhood age, which spans the


period up to 8 years of age, is critical for
cognitive, social, emotional, and physical
development.
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Five Stages of Child
Development

Newborn. During the first month of life, newborns exhibit automatic


responses to external stimuli.

Infant. Infants develop new abilities quickly in the first year of life.

Toddler.

Preschool.

School age.
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Four Types of Child
Development

Children grow and develop rapidly in their first


five years across the four main areas of
development. These areas are motor (physical),
Language and Communication, cognitive, and
social/emotional.
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Characteristics of Child
Development Stages

These characteristics are physical, intellectual,


emotional, and social. Although these are four
separate categories, they do each intertwine with
one another, as progress in one characteristic
often leads to progress in another characteristic.
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Why is childhood important?

Early childhood experiences from birth to age 8 affect


the development of the brain’s architecture, which
provides the foundation for all future learning,
behavior, and health. A strong foundation helps
children develop the skills they need to become well-
functioning adults.
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Why childhood is the best
time of life?

It is the best time of life because the memories that we


make in our childhood always bring a smile to our faces.
Also, it is the time when the character of the child is
shaped. Besides, it also is the best time to understand
life and gain knowledge.
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Why childhood is the golden
period of life?

Is childhood a happy time?


Some say childhood is arguably the happiest time of life because
children are free of responsibility and life. They are cared for and given the
freedom to explore anything and everything of their curiosity. They can
think and do as they please because they do not understand the effects
that words have on others.

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What are some factors that
affect early learning?

• Parents’ education. • Stability of home life.

• Family income. • Going to preschool.

• The number of parents • Quality of child care.


in the home. • Stress levels and
• Access to books and play exposure to stress
materials.
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Cultural Factors

In different cultural contexts, factors other than age may be important in


determining who is a child or an adolescent, factors such as social roles,
gender, marital status, and then capacity to contribute economically may be
more important than chronological age in shaping expectations of children.
As an assessment of the way universal principles, natural laws, local
regulations, and outcomes shape expectations of children at various ages
should be the starting for intervention.
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CHILDHOOD AS A SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CONCEPT
Childhood is neither timeless nor universal. It is not determined only by age or by biological
and psychological factors. Rather childhood is understood by reference to a particular.
Cultural and social periods in history. In many countries of the south, the child-rearing
environment is characterized by large families and a high infant mentality: a heavy emphasis
on parents’ efforts to ensure the physical survival of their children means that parents must
devote much of their time to economic and domestic activity, with many “parenting“ tasks
delegated to other people, often older children. Whether notions of childhood often place an
emphasis on children’s vulnerability and immense, but again in other contexts, this may be
much less appropriate.
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In both instances, there may be marked ways in which girls are treated
differently from before. In some Contexts, being a bot or a girl, maybe more
significant than the fact of being a child. Different societies have
contrasting ideas about both children’s vulnerabilities and their
capabilities. Within a given context, childhood is often highly differentiated
not only according to gender but also according to social class or caste.
Approaches to discipline and punishment will also vary greatly between
cultures.
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Avoiding Assumptions of
Vulnerability in Children and
Adolescents

Children may be especially vulnerable because of their immaturity


and reliance on adults for their care and protection. But it is also
important to remember that resilience as well as vulnerability is a
characteristics of the growing human organism.

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Avoiding Assumptions of
Vulnerability in Children and
Adolescents

This will be explored in more detail in topic 3. Many different factors relate to
the individual child, the family the immediate social situation, and the wider
cultural context may combine to place children in positions of risk and threats
to their well-being, development, and rights. The capacity to anticipate,
acknowledge and assess such factors is fundamental to the effective protection
of children.
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Avoiding Assumptions of
Vulnerability in Children and
Adolescents

This will be explored in more detail in topic 3. Many different factors relate to
the individual child, the family the immediate social situation, and the wider
cultural context may combine to place children in positions of risk and threats
to their well-being, development, and rights. The capacity to anticipate,
acknowledge and assess such factors is fundamental to the effective protection
of children.
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