Energy

Lesson 1 Year: 10

Learning Objectives

•To explain the concept of energy

•To explain energy stores and systems.
•To describe energy pathways.
•To describe energy changes in system
 Kinetic Nuclear
Energy Thermal
Changes Elastic PE

Chemical GPE Electrostatic Magnetic

Heat, Kinetic,
GPE, Sound,
Heat Electrical Radiation
Nuclear, etc. Energy
Stores
Mechanical

Types of Energy
Energy Pathways

Energy
1. Energy

What Are Energy

Sources?
• Energy sources are materials that we can use to harness energy. This energy could be heat, movement or
electricity. 
• Some materials can be used once to provide energy but then cannot be used again : Fossil Fuels
• Others can be reused over and over again, producing energy multiple times : Renewable Energy
2. Energy Stores

Energy stores Examples

Chemical In food, fuel and electric batteries
Kinetic In moving objects
Gravitational potential In objects raised above a planets surface
Elastic potential In a stretched, compressed or twisted object
Internal (thermal) In any heated object
Magnetic In any object with a magnetic field
Electrostatic In electrostatic forces between charges
Nuclear The forces acting between atomic nuclei
3. Energy Pathways

Force pathways include

Mechanically – when a force acts and an object moves

Electrically – when an electric current flows

Heating – a temperature difference between objects

Radiation – electromagnetic waves or sound

4. Terminologies

• kinetic energy (KE)

• Chemical
• Internal (thermal)
• Gravitational potential energy (GPE)
• Magnetic
• electrostatic
• Elastic potential energy (EPE)
• Nuclear
5. Types of Energy

Kinetic

Heat GPE

Elastic
Sound
PE
Energy

Chemic
Light
al

Electric
Nuclear
al
5. Types of Energy

Energy in a moving object,

Energy contained in any eg. A moving car
hot or warm object, eg.
Burning coal Kinetic
Energy due to the height
Heat GPE of an object, eg. A skier on
a slope

Sound Elastic PE
Energy given out by Types of Energy in a stretched or
vibrating objects, eg. A energy compressed object, eg. a
loud speaker spring

Light Chemical

Energy given out by any Energy contained in food

hot object, eg. The Sun, Nuclear Electrical or fuel, eg. Food and
light bulb. petrol

Energy released when the Energy in the flow of

nucleus of an atom splits electrons, eg. A battery
5. Types of Energy

5.1. Gravitational potential energy

• When an object is raised above ground level it gains

gravitational potential energy (GPE).

• This stored energy can be released if the object is allowed

to fall.

• A pile driver is a machine that lifts a heavy weight then

drops it on a post to drive it into the ground.
5. Types of Energy

• Recall and use the equation to calculate the change in gravitational PE when an object is raised
above the ground:

change in G.P.E (J) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg) × change in height (m)

ΔGPE = m× g ×Δh

Question: The pile driver hammer has a mass of 120 kg and it is raised to a height of 4 m above the
ground. How much G.P.E will it have?
ΔGPE = m× g ×Δh

ΔGPE = 120 x 10 x 4

The G.P.E gained is: ΔGPE = 4800 J

5. Types of Energy

5.2. Kinetic Energy

• Moving objects have kinetic energy.

• The long-jumper is using her kinetic energy to

carry her body as far as possible.

• The more kinetic energy she has, the longer her

jump will be. Her kinetic energy depends on her
mass (which she can not change) and her velocity
(she can run faster!)
5. Types of Energy

• Recall and use the equation to calculate the amounts of energy associated with a moving
object:

kinetic energy (J) = × mass (kg) × speed2 (m/s)

KE = m v2

• If her mass is 46 kg and she is travelling at 8 m/s, her kinetic energy during her jump will
be:
KE = ½ m v2

KE = ½ x 46 x 82

• The energy transferred in the jump is: KE = 1472 J

5. Types of Energy

5.3. Potential Energy

• Potential energy is the energy due to height.

• Potential energy (PE) = mass x g x height

• (g is the gravitational constant = 10 m/s2)

Example: A sheep of mass 47kg is slowly raised through a height of 6.3m.

Find the gain in potential energy.
• PE = mgh = 47 x 10 x 6.3 = 2961J
• As an object falls, its potential energy is changed into kinetic energy.
• Kinetic energy GAINED = Potential energy LOST
6. Energy Stores and systems

Energy stores and systems

• An energy system is a group of objects that have the ability to do work.

• Remember: energy can not be created or destroyed so when work is done, energy from one
store is carried along a pathway to another energy store.
6. Energy Transform and Change

Consider the energy flow diagram for an electric shaver.

The battery has a store of chemical energy.
The current flows through an electrical pathway
to the motor.
Energy from the motor follows a mechanical
pathway to a kinetic store of the moving blades, a heat
pathway to a thermal store and a radiation pathway to a sound
store.
mechanical Kinetic
electrical
Chemical Motorheat Thermal
radiation Sound
6. Energy Transform and Change

Examples of energy changes in a system:

A moving object hitting an obstacle e.g. A bowling ball hitting a pin

• As you move the muscles of your arm to throw the ball the
chemical energy store in your muscles decreases and the
kinetic energy store of the bowling ball increases.
• At the ball hits a pin some of the kinetic energy has been
transferred to a store of internal (thermal) energy this causes
the ball and its surroundings to warm up a little.
• You will hear a sound when the ball hits the pin, the energy of
the sound is also transferred to the internal energy store of the
surroundings.
6. Energy Transform and change
Examples of energy changes in a system:
An object being accelerated by a constant force e.g. A bowling ball being dropped off a sky scraper

• At its highest point the ball has a

store of gravitational potential
energy (G.P.E).
• As it is dropped gravity does work on
the ball (assuming there is no air
resisitance).
• The ball then constantly accelerates
towards the ground.
• Just before the ball hits the ground it
has a
store of kinetic energy.
6. Energy Transform and change

Examples of energy changes in a system:

A vehicle slowing down e.g. When you apply the brakes in a lorry

• The moving lorry has a store of kinetic energy.

• At the brakes are applied the kinetic energy store decreases the energy is transferred to the
internal (thermal) energy store in the brakes and the brakes get hot.
• You will hear a sound when the brakes of the lorry are applied, the energy of the sound is
also transferred to the internal energy store of the surroundings.
• When the lorry stops its kinetic energy store is zero.
6. Energy Transform and change

Examples of energy changes in a system:

Bringing water to a boil in an electric kettle.

• Energy is transferred electrically from the mains to the heating element in the kettle.
• The internal (thermal) energy store of the water increases.
• The temperature of the water increases and as bubbles form the kinetic energy store of the
water increases.
7. Unit of Energy

Energy is measured in Joules (J)

1 kilojoule (kJ) = 1000 J (103 J)

1 megajoule = 1000 000 J (106 J)

8. Test your Knowledge
8. Test your Knowledge

1. What sort of energy store do the following examples have?

a. b. c.

2. Name and describe the four force pathways.

8. Test your Knowledge
Answers
1. What sort of energy store do the following examples have?

a. b. c.

Chemical Elastic potential Thermal

2. Name and describe the four force pathways.

Mechanically – when a force acts and an object moves
Electrically – when an electric current flows
Heating – a temperature difference between objects
Radiation – electromagnetic waves or sound
8. Test your Knowledge

3. Write down the correct answer to complete the statement.

Energy can not…..

• be transferred from one source to another.

• be created or destroyed.

• travel along a pathway to another store.

8. Test your Knowledge

4. A pole vaulter just clears the bar which is 5.1 m high. His mass is
62 kg. (g = 10N/kg)

a. What type of stored energy does he have

as he clears the bar?

b. Work out how much stored energy the

pole vaulter has due to his position
above the ground.

c. As he falls back to the ground, this energy store will be

transferred into a new energy store. Name this new energy store.
8. Test your Knowledge

Answers
4. A pole vaulter just clears the bar which is 5.1 m high. His mass is
62 kg. (g = 10N/kg)

a. What type of stored energy does he have

as he clears the bar?
gravitational potential energy
b. Work out how much stored energy the
pole vaulter has due to his position
above the ground.
ΔGPE = m× g ×Δh = 62 x 10 x 5.1 = 3162 J
c. As he falls back to the ground, this energy store will be
transferred into a new energy store. Name this new energy store.
kinetic energy
8. Test your Knowledge

5. When a football is kicked it gains kinetic energy.

a. What is the formula used to calculate kinetic energy?

b. The football has a mass of 0.4 kg and when kicked has a velocity of 15
m/s. Work out the kinetic energy of the moving ball?
 
8. Test your Knowledge

Answers
5. When a football is kicked it gains kinetic energy.
a. What is the formula used to calculate kinetic energy?
KE = ½ m v2

b. The football has a mass of 0.4 kg and when kicked has a velocity of 15 m/s. Work
out the kinetic energy of the moving ball?
 
KE = ½ x 0.4 x 152
KE = 45 J
8. Test your Knowledge
6. Copy and Complete the energy store and pathway diagrams for the objects described.

a. A moving car braking to a stop.

CAR i ii iii

b. Bringing water to the boil on a gas hob.

i GAS HOB ii iii

8. Test your Knowledge
6. Copy and Complete the energy store and pathway diagrams for the objects described.

a. A moving car braking to a stop.

Answers

CAR i Kinetic ii Mechanical iii Thermal

b. Bringing water to the boil on a gas hob.

i Chemical GAS HOB ii Heating iii Thermal

8. Test your Knowledge

7. Describes the main change in energy stores for:

a. A bowling ball hitting a pin

8. Describes the main change in energy stores for:

b. Boiling water in an electric kettle
8. Test your Knowledge

Answers
7. Describes the main change in energy stores for:
a. A bowling ball hitting a pin

• As you move the muscles of your arm to throw the ball the chemical energy store in your
muscles decreases and the kinetic energy store of the bowling ball increases.

• At the ball hits a pin some of the kinetic energy has been transferred to a store of
internal (thermal) energy this causes the ball and its surroundings to warm up a little.

• You will hear a sound when the ball hits the pin, the energy of the sound is also
transferred to the internal energy store of the surroundings.
8. Test your Knowledge

Answers

8. Describes the main change in energy stores for:

b. Boiling water in an electric kettle

• Energy is transferred electrically from the mains to the heating element in the
kettle.
• The internal (thermal) energy store of the water increases.
• The temperature of the water increases and as bubbles form the kinetic energy
store of the water increases.
8. Test your Knowledge

Question: A mouldy tomato of mass 140g is dropped from a height of 1.7m. Calculate its
speed as it hits the floor.

1. PE lost = mgh = 0.14 x 10 x 1.7 = 2.38 J

2. So KE gained = PE lost = 2.38 J = ½ mv2
3. So, 2.38 = ½ x 0.14 x v2 = 0.07 x v2
4. So, 2.38 = v2
0.07
5. So, 34 = v2 ; v = 5.38 m/s
9. Points to Remember

• Energy
• Types of Energy
• Unit of Energy
• Energy Stores
• Energy Changes
10. Glossary

Term Definition
Energy Energy sources are materials that we can use to harness energy. This energy could
be heat, movement or electricity

Kinetic Energy Moving objects have kinetic energy.

Gravitational When an object is raised above ground level it gains gravitational potential energy
Potential (GPE).
Energy

Energy Energy in a system can be changed, in particular by mechanical work. It cannot be

Transfer and created or destroyed but it can be transferred, dissipated or stored in different
Change ways.
11. Reference Links

• Energy: https://byjus.com/physics/energy/

• Energy Units: https://byjus.com/physics/energy/

• Types of Energy: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/znr8nrd/revision/1

• Energy Store and Changes: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/znr8nrd/revision/1