SOLAR ENERGY

PRESENTATION
 GROUP NO. 02
NO MEMEBERS REGISTRATION
NO
1- ASGHAR ALI ( GROUP LEADER ) 2018-CH-04

2- MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH 2018-CH-13

3- MUHAMMAD HAMZA 2018-CH-16

4- USAMA EJAZ 2018-CH-27

5- SAQLAIN ABBAS 2018-CH-32

6- MUHAMMAD ASIF 2018-CH-30

 CONTEXT…
• INTRODUCTION
• RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN
• CONVERSION MECHANISM
• LIMITATIONS
• ADVANTAGES
• EXTRACTION
SOLAR ENERGY
 HISTORY OF SOLAR ENERGY
• The first installation of solar thermal energy equipment occurred in the
Sahara approximately in 1910 by Frank Shuman when a steam engine was
run on steam produced by sunlight.

• Frank Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in
Maadi, Egypt (1912-1913).
 WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY ?
• It is the radiation from the sun that is capable of producing heat, causing
chemical reactions, or generating electricity.
• It is the largest source of energy received on Earth, but its intensity on the
earth’s surface is quite low.
• Solar energy is rapidly becoming the ultimate energy source because of its
non-polluting character and its inexhaustible supply which are in stark
contrast to such fossil fuel sources as coal, oil, and natural gas.
 SOLAR ENERGY
• Facts about solar energy.

• Earth surface receives 1.2x1017 W of power from sun.

• Energy supplied by the sun in one hour is almost equal to the

amount energy required by the human population in one year.

• Most if the other source on renewable energy have their in sun.

 CONT….
• In 1839,Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic effect
via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light.
• In 1873, Willoughby Smith finds that selenium shows photoconductivity.
After ten years, Charles Fritts develops a solar cell using selenium on a
thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.
• In 1954, Bell Labs announced the invention of silicon.
• Hoffman Electronics created an 14% efficient solar cell in 1960.
 TYPES SOLAR ENERGY

Five types of solar energy

• Passive Solar Energy

• Active Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic Solar Power
• Solar Thermal Energy
• Concentrated Solar Power
 PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY
• Passive Solar Energy is a method in which solar energy is harnessed in its direct
form without using any mechanical devices. Drying Clothes in daylight is an
example of using solar energy passively.
• Passive Solar Energy has a few applications which all of us can use (where ever
there is sunlight).
• Daylighting
• Passive Solar Heating
• Passive Solar Cooling
 ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY
• The Active Solar Energy employs mechanical or electrical equipment for
functioning and increase system efficiency. As an example water pumps are
used to circulate water through the active solar energy water heating system.
• Some Applications of Active Solar Energy which can be very helpful to all
of us.
• Active Solar Water Heating
• Active Solar Pool Heating
 SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
• Solar Thermal Energy is the heat energy derived from the incident solar energy (sunlight). This is
used by Solar Heating Panels.
• Yes, you guessed it right. Solar Thermal Energy does have advantages like other forms of solar
energy.
• Solar Water Heating
• Solar Pool Heating
• Solar Space Heating
These are the common uses of Solar Thermal Energy. By taking advantage of these you can get plenty
of benefits. Electricity can be generated using solar energy commonly this is known as Solar thermal
Electricity Solar thermal energy
 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
• The Energy generated by incident solar energy (light) into electricity is termed
as Photovoltaic Solar Power. This is done using Photovoltaic Solar Cells.
• Every one of us can get the benefits of the applications of photovoltaic solar
power.
• Solar Electricity
• Photovoltaic Solar Lighting
• Photovoltaic Cooling
CONCENTRATED SOLAR ENERGY
• Concentrated Solar Power is a branch of Solar Thermal Energy which is used to generate
solar power electricity.
• Electricity is produced on a large scale by using this technology. This technology is not
in either of our scope. But we can surely get its benefits from a renewable energy
supplier or green power from the electricity supply company.
• Knowing about the different solar energy types can be very helpful. You can use this
knowledge in order to decide in what way the solar energy can be used for your
advantage. Come what may you will always get the benefit of any types of solar energy
and help you contribute to make this world a better place! Concentrated solar energy
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
• DAYLIGHTING
• POSSIVE SOLAR HEATING

• ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

• CONCETRATED SOLAR THERMAL

• PHOTOVOLTIVS (PV)
 COMPOSITION
• The Sun emits EM radiation across most of the electromagnetic spectrum
• The Sun does, however, emit X-rays , ultraviolet , visible light , infrared ,
and even Radio waves .When ultraviolet radiation is not absorbed by the
atmosphere or other protective coating, it can cause damage to the skin
known as sunburn or trigger an adaptive change in human skin
pigmentation 
 CONT……
• The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50% visible light, 45% infrared
radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet light and other forms of electromagnetic
radiation.
• This radiation can be converted either into: thermal energy or into electrical energy.
• Two main types of devices are used to capture solar energy and convert it into thermal
energy:
• Flat-plate collectors and Concentrating collectors.
• The flat plate collectors are used for hot water heating and house heating.
• Concentrating collectors are used when higher temperatures area needed. That is, where
they reflect and concentrate sunlight from a wide area.
 CONT…
Solar energy can be converted to electricity using
photovoltaic cells/ solar cells.
• This converted energy is used to provide electricity for
watches, calculators and cameras.
• Unfortunately, though solar energy is free, the high cost of its
collection, conversion and storage has limited its exploitation.
 PV TYPES
• PVs are the main type of solar devices that convert solar radiation
directly into electricity.
• Typically, PVs are made from silicon-type modules, semiconductors based
on polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si), monocrystalline silicon (c-Si),
and amorphous silicon (a-Si) modules.
• In terrestrial applications, the pc-Si type PV modules are the most widely
applied. Silicon-type PVs are still the main cell types in applications
because they have longer durability and higher efficiency.
COVERSION MECHNISM
CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY
 CONT……
• Flat-plate solar thermal collectors, vacuum tube solar thermal collectors,
compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) solar collectors, are typical
devices that are mainly used to convert solar radiation into heat, while
parabolic dish-type, circular Fresnel lenses, and tower-type
concentrating solar energy systems are the systems that convert
the absorbed solar radiation into heat, a following process converts the
heat to power and further to electricity.
 CONT…
• The conversion rate of solar radiation into electricity by PVs depends on
cell type and is between 5% and 20%.
• Thus, the greater part of the absorbed solar radiation by PVs is converted
into heat (at about 60–70%), increasing the temperature of cells.
 ADVANTAGES
• Solar Energy Can Heat Your Water
• Solar Energy For Battery Charging
• Power Your Home With Solar Energy
• Solar Energy For Cooking
• Solar Energy for Indoor Lighting
• Solar Energy Used For Outdoor Lighting
•   30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the
planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused! Advantages of Solar Energy
 CHEMICAL ADVANTAGE
• Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset
energy that would otherwise come from an alternate source and can convert solar energy into
storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into
thermochemical or photochemical
• Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the
1970s.
• Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural
gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods
• Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present
another avenue for hydrogen production.
 Adv…
• Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to
keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption
• Solar energy produces electricity very quietly.
• Very efficient in large areas of the globe.
• Solar panels can be installed on top of many rooftops
• It is affordable in the long run.
• The use of solar energy to produce electricity allows the user to become less
dependent on the worlds fossil fuel.
 ADV…..
• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cell. It is the only type of Thin-film
cells that has surpassed the cost-efficiency. Its efficiency operates between
9-11%.
• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS) Solar Cell. It is the most
potential in terms of efficiency. These solar cells contain less amounts of
the toxic material cadmium that is found in CdTe solar cells. It has
efficiency between 10-12%. 31
SOLAR APPLICATIONS

• SOLAR VEHICALS

• SOLAR STREET LIGHT

• SOLAR TUBE WELL

• SOLAR DISTILLATION
 LIMITATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
• Location & Sunlight Availability
•  Installation Area
•  High Initial Cost
• Reliability Since solar energy relies on the sun, electricity cannot be
generated during the night, requiring you to either store excess energy made
during the day, or connect to an alternate power source such as the local
utility grid.  This means that you will have to pay more on top of the high cost
of the solar panels.
 AVALIBILTY IN PAKISTAN
• Pakistan has some of the highest values of insolation in the world  with eight to nine
hours of sunshine per day, ideal climatic conditions for solar power generation.
• The country has solar plants in Pakistani Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan.
• Initiatives are under development by the International Renewable Energy Agency,
the Japan International Cooperation Agency, Chinese companies, and Pakistani
private sector energy companies. The country aims to build the world's largest solar
power park, the Quaid-e- Azam Solar Power Park (QASP) in the Cholistan Desert,
Punjab, by 2017 with a 1 GW capacity. A plant of this size would be enough to power
around 320,000 homes.
 PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN
Name of Project Capacity (MW) Location
1 M/s QA Solar Pvt. Ltd. 100 Quaid e Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur
2 M/s Appolo Solar Pakistan Ltd. 100 Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur
3 M/s Crest Energy Pakistan Ltd. 100 Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur
M/s Best Green Energy Pakistan
4 100 Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur
Ltd.
5 Harappa Solar Pvt. Ltd 18 Sahiwal
6 AJ Power Pvt. Ltd. 12 Pind Dadan Khan
Sr. # Name Capacity(MW) Location

1 IPS Solar Park- IPS 22 Pvt. Ltd. 50 Nooriabad, Sindh

2 IPS Solar Park- JA 23 Pvt. Ltd. 50 Nooriabad, Sindh

3 IPS Solar Park – SB 24 Pvt. Ltd. 50 Nooriabad, Sindh

4 R.E. Solar I Pvt. Ltd. 20 Dadu, Sindh

5 R.E. Solar II Pvt. Ltd. 20 Dadu, Sindh

6 ET Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. 25 Thatta, Sindh

7 ACT Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. 50 Thatta, Sindh

8 Janpur Energy Limited                   12 Sultanabad, Rahim Yar Khan

9 Lalpir Solar Limited 12 Mehmood Kot,   Muzafargarh

10 Siddiqsons Solar Ltd 50 Kalar Kahar, Chakwal

11 ET Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. 50 Fateh Jang, Attock

12 Asia Petroleum Limited 30 Bahalwalnager, Punjab
PAKISTAN USAGE OF SOLAR
ENERGY
WORLD WIDE USAGE OF SOLAR
ENERGY
THANK YOU