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    Week 2

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    ALPHEAUS-MBA Awajibeneji
    1. Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. They have a sour taste, turn litmus paper red, and donate protons in chemical reactions. 2. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid, completely ionize in water. Weak acids, like acetic acid, only partially ionize. 3. The basicity of an acid refers to the number of replaceable hydrogen ions in one molecule of the acid. Common monobasic acids include HCl and CH3COOH. Common dibasic acids include H2SO4 and H2CO3.

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    Week 2

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    ALPHEAUS-MBA Awajibeneji
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    1. Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. They have a sour taste, turn litmus paper red, and donate protons in chemical reactions. 2. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid, completely ionize in water. Weak acids, like acetic acid, only partially ionize. 3. The basicity of an acid refers to the number of replaceable hydrogen ions in one molecule of the acid. Common monobasic acids include HCl and CH3COOH. Common dibasic acids include H2SO4 and H2CO3.

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    WEEK 2

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    1. Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. They have a sour taste, turn litmus paper red, and donate protons in chemical reactions. 2. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid, completely ionize in water. Weak acids, like acetic acid, only partially ionize. 3. The basicity of an acid refers to the number of replaceable hydrogen ions in one molecule of the acid. Common monobasic acids include HCl and CH3COOH. Common dibasic acids include H2SO4 and H2CO3.

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    58 views15 pages

    Week 2

    Uploaded by

    ALPHEAUS-MBA Awajibeneji
    1. Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. They have a sour taste, turn litmus paper red, and donate protons in chemical reactions. 2. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid, completely ionize in water. Weak acids, like acetic acid, only partially ionize. 3. The basicity of an acid refers to the number of replaceable hydrogen ions in one molecule of the acid. Common monobasic acids include HCl and CH3COOH. Common dibasic acids include H2SO4 and H2CO3.

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    Topic: ACIDS

    Lesson Slides
    D EF IN IT IO N AND CHARA CTERI STI CS O F ACID

    First, things to note:


    Acids can be natural or made in a laboratory.
    When its natural, it is called organic acids.
    When its made in the laboratory, it is called inorganic acid.

    Examples of Organic acid is Citric/Ascorbic acid, fatty acids, ethanoic


    acids(Vinegar), Lactic Acid(Sour Milk) etc.
    For inorganic acid.., Hydrochloric acids {HCl}, Tetraoxosulphate
    (vi) acid(H2SO4)., etc
    DEFINITION
    An acid is a substance which when in water, produces hydrogen ions, H+
    (or protons) or Hydronium ion [H3O+] as the only positive ion.
    Illustration: dissolving HCl in Water (H2O)
    HCl + H2O  H+ + H2O + Cl-

    { HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl- } Final Equation

    The
    H+ that was added to the water molecule was from the HCl
    You can see that the (H O)+ became the only positive ion
    3
    Remember this, Acids are tested NB: Acids does not fulfil its properties if
    its dissolved in organic solvents .. So
    using litmus paper or indicator dissolution in water is absolutely needed

    Acids can also be grouped into Strong acids and Weak acids.
    • Strong acids are acids that ionize completely in water. i.e it looses all its
    hydrogen ion (H+) during dissociation.. Examples of strong acids are H2SO4,
    HCl, HNO3, HBr, HI etc. For example HCl is a strong acid bcos’ it ionizes
    completely according to the equation below:
    H Cl → H+ + Cl- (100% ionization)
    also, H2 SO4 2H+ + SO42- (100% ionization)

    They are usually strong electrolytes i.e. they are great electrical conductors.
    • Weak acids are acids that ionize partially in water. i.e it does not
    completely loose all its Hydrogen ion (H+). Examples are organic acids,
    such as Ethanoic acids(CH3COOH), Citric acids and some inorganic acids
    such as H2CO3, H3PO4, etc.
    So, using
    C H3COOH ⇋ C H3COO- + H+
    There is still some Hydrogen ion left with CH3COO-., so it’s a weak acid
    It will still form
    Example 2
    H2CO3 ⇋ HCO3- + H+ Hydronium ion in water

    They are weak electrolyte i.e they are poor conductors of electricity.
    BASICITY OF AN ACID
    Side note: All acids in an aqueous solution yield hydrogen ions
    (as we have previously learnt). These Hydrogen ion can be
    replaced by a metallic ion to form its correspondent salt.

    Therefore,
     The Basicity of an acid is the number of replaceable
    hydrogen ions, H+ in one molecule of an acid.
    ACIDS BASICITY

    HCl 1

    H2SO4 2

    H3PO4 3

    H2CO3 2

    CH3CH2COOH 1
    INTRODUCTION TO OXIDES IN THE FORMATION
    OF MONO, DI AND TRIBASIC ACIDS

    Acidic Oxides: They are oxides of non-metals which when dissolved in


    water, produces an Acid. e.g., CO2, SO2, SO3,

    Basic Oxides: They are oxides of metals which when dissolved in water,
    produces an Alkaline. E.g., MgO, CaO,

    Amphoteric Oxides: They are oxides of metals that has both acid and basic
    properties. E.g., Al2O3, PbO, ZnO

    Assignment
    Write on one more oxides and give examples.
    Characteristics of Acids
    (Physical Properties)

    1. They have sour taste; e.g. sour taste of unripe fruits.

    2. Strong acids are corrosive in concentrated form; e.g. HCl, H2SO4

    3. pH is less than 7

    4. It donates H+ ions which makes them good electrolytes


    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    • Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
    • Acids react with base to form Salt and Water
    HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
    (Salt)

    • An acid reacts with a reactive metal to liberate Hydrogen


    (odorless, colorless gas)
    Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

    • Acids react with trioxocarbonate (iv) salts, to liberate CO2 gas


    PREPARATION OF ACIDS
    1. Dissolving non-metallic oxide (acid anhydride) in water.
    Carbon (iv) oxide dissolves in water to form trioxocarbonate (iv) acid.
    (weak acid)
    CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
    2. Direct combination of constituent elements.
    Hydrogen reacts directly with Halogens(group 7 elements) in the
    presence of catalyst(activated charcoal) to form halogen acids gas, which
    can dissolves readily in water to form an acid.
    H2(g)+ Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
    3. Heating Hydrogen gas and bromine vapour, in the presence
    of platinum as the catalyst, produces hydrogen bromide gas,
    which dissolves readily in water to form hydrobromic acid.
    4. Displacement of weak or volatile acid from its salt by a strong
    acid:

    Concentrated H2SO4 is stronger and denser than HCl.


    H2SO4 can therefore be used to displace the weaker HCl acid from
    its salt (NaCl).
    NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) NaHSO4(aq) + HCl(g)

    The hydrogen chloride gas formed, dissolves in water readily to


    produce hydrochloric acid.
    USES OF ACIDS
       
    Name Uses
    Hydrochloric acid  in industries to make chemicals
     to remove rust
    Tetraoxosulphate(vi) acid  as drying and dehydrating agent
     as electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
     

    trioxonitrate (v) acid  for making fertilizers, explosives, etc.


    Acetic acid (ethanoic)  In preserving food
     In dyeing silk and other textiles.
    Tartaric  In making baking soda, soft drinks and health salt
    Citric acid  In making fruit juice
    Fatty acids (e.g. palmitic and stearic acids)  In manufacturing soap. ( A process known as Saponification)
    ASSIGNMENT
    1. Define Acid in respect to
    I. Arrhenius definition
    II. Bronsted-Lowry definition
    III. Lewis definition

    2. A. Define Bases
    B. Two ways of preparing bases with examples

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